Anatomy test 2
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| What is the fundamental unit of structure and function in all living things? | The cell
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| What is organized protoplasm made up of? | All of the various biomolecules discussed
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| What are the main compounds? | H20, carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids
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| What are the main elements? | Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, and Nitrogen
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| How do cells differ? | They vary in size and shape to facilitate function
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| What kind of relationship do cells have? | A form/function relationship
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| What are the functions of Squamous/Flat cells? | To cover and protect
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| What are the functions of Columnar/Column-like cells? | To absorb and secrete
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| What are the functions of Muscle-Long cells? | To contract and facilitate movement?
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| What are the four things that all cells have? | A cell membrane, cytoplasm, organelles, and a nucleus (At some point in their development)
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| What type of cells lack a nucleus? | Mature red blood cells?
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| What is cell membrane? | -A delineating boundary
-An active and functional part of the cell
-Phospholipids and proteins are the main constituents in unequal amounts
-Consists of a phospholipid bi-layer irregularly interspersed with proteins
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| What is cytoplasm? | Found within the cell membrane and outside of the nucleus
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| What are organelles? | Tiny organs which carry out specific functions within a cell
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| What are two other names for the cell membrane? | The fluid Mosaic model or the plasma membrane
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| What is the fluid mosaic model/plasma membrane? | The cell membrane
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| What are the two main constituents in the cell membrane, and in what amount? | Phospholipids and proteins in unequal amounts
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| The cell membrane consists of what type of bi-layer? | A phospholipid bi-layer irregularly interspersed with proteins
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| What are very polar molecules with two distinct ends; A head and tail? | Phospholipids
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| The phospholipid tail can be broken down by what? | Broken down by water
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| Is the phospholipid tail Hydrophobic or Hydrophilic? | Hydrophobic
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| Is the phospholipid head Hydrophobic or Hydrophilic? | Hydrophilic
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| Phospholipid heads protect the tail from what? | Water
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| What does Hydrophobic mean? | Avoids water
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| What does Hydrophilic mean? | Attracted to water
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| What are the five functions of the cell membrane and what type of channel is used for transport? | -To serve as a boundary and maintain integrity of the cell
-Communication
-Immunity
-Catalyst
-Identification
Protein channels are used for transport
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| What are phospholipids largely responsible for in the cell membrane? | Creating the boundary
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| What type of permeability does the cell membrane have? | Semipermeable membrane
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| What does semipermeable mean? | Allowing for some substances to pass while restricting the passage of other substances
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| The communication of the cell membrane happens on what level? | A chemical level; Chemical phenomenon
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| What is a function of some of the outer membrane proteins that serve as receptor sites for chemical messages? | Communication
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| Proteins which serve as receptor sites for for chemical messages are in the form of what? | Neurotransmitters or hormones
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| What is the immunity in the cell membrane a function of? | Membrane proteins
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| How and where do membrane proteins protect? | Like a white blood cell at the surface of the cell; they combine with foreign pathogens and neutralize them
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| What are the functions of some membrane proteins in the form of enzymes, in the cell membrane? | To catalyze reactions at or near the cell surface
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| What does it mean to catalyze reactions? | To speed up reactions
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| What kind of proteins in the cell membrane serve to identify the cell as belonging or not belonging to that organism? | Marker proteins
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| What are marker proteins important in blood transfusions? | You need to have a compatible blood type for a blood transfusion
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| What are the protein channels in the cell membrane for? | Transport
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| What do solutions contain? | Solutes dissolved in a solvent
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| What is a solute? | Dissolved in a solvent
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| What is a solvent? | Dissolves a solute
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| What is a Brownian movement? | A random, ceaseless, non-directional motion of particles in solution.
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| What does the Brownian movement come from? | The radiant energy contained in all matter
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| What is a Hypertonic solution? | More concentrated than the comparison solution by having a higher number of solutes
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| What is a Hypotonic solution? | Less concentrated than the comparison solution by having a lower number of solutes
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| What is an Isotonic solution? | Equally as concentrated as the comparison solution by having the same number of solutes
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| What is another name for passive transport? | Physical transport
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| What type of membrane transport requires no expenditure of energy by the cell to accomplish the transport? | Passive transport
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| What role does diffusion play in passive transport? | The movement of solute particles in all directions within a solution, or in both directions across a semipermeable membrane
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| What direction does diffusion always occur | Down a concentration gradient
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| What is the direction of the net diffusion of particles? | From where they are more concentrated to where they are less concentrated
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| When does diffusion stop? | When equilibrium is reached and particles are equally distributed throughout the enviornment
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| What role does Osmosis play in passive transport? | The diffusion of water molecules
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| What direction does water move during osmosis? | From where there is more water to where there is less water
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| How can osmosis be defined? | The tendency of water to move across a semipermeable membrane into a solution with a higher concentration of dissolved particles
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| What is dialysis? | The separation of crystalloids from colloids
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| How does dialysis separate the crystalloids from colloids? | By diffusion of cyrstalloids across a membrane permeable to the crystalloids only
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| What is a crystalloid? | Small, usually inorganic, molecules that are usually dissolved in a solution
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| What is a Colloid? | Large, usually organic, molecules which tend to be suspended in solution rather than dissolved
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| Which type of diffusion utilizes a carrier molecule, most commonly a membrane protein to accomplish diffusion? | Facilitated diffusion
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| What is the movement of both solute and solvent in one direction only,across a membrane and down a hydrostatic pressure gradient, regardless of of concentration gradient? | Filtration
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| In the body, how is hydrostatic pressure generated? | The pumping action of the heart
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| What is another term for active transport? | Physiological transport
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| What type of transport requires ATP input from the cell and energy from the cell to accomplish transport | Active transport
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| What is exocytosis? | Bulk movement of materials out of a cell
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| How is waste organized? | Into vacuoles which migrate to the cell membrane, attach, and then pump waste out
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| What is endocytosis? | Bulk movement of materials into a cell
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| During endocytosis, what is the bulk movement of particulate matter into the cell if the material is a solid, what is a term for it? | Phagocytosis and cellular eating
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| What is the wholesale engulfment of fluids, also termed cellular drinking? | Pinocytosis
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| What is a pinoglotic vesicle? | Fluid flows in and the membrane pinches off, the vesicle with fluid now moves into a cell. Only happens with liquid
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| What are tiny organs? | Organelles
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| What level structure is an organelle? | Sub-cellular
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| What do organelles do? | Carry out specific functions in a cell
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| What are physiological pumps? | Active transport mechanisms that move ions or molecules across cell membranes against their concentration graidents
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| How do physiological pumps move ions or molecules? | By altering the membranes permeability to the ions or molecules with expenditure of energy
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| What are two types of organelles? | Membranous and non-membranous organelles
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| What are the two types of endoplasmic reticulum? | Rough ER and Smooth ER
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| What is a complicated network of channels, canals, and sacs that extend throughout the cytoplasm | Endoplasmic reticulum
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| What is the endoplasmic reticulum often continuous with? | The cellular membrane, the nuclear membrane, or both
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| What is the endoplasmic reticulum thought to be involved with? | Maintenance and repair of cellular membranes
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| What kind of appearance does the rough er have? | A studded appearance
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| Why does the rough er have a studded appearance? | The presence along the surface of numerous ribosomes
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| What is the rough er involved with? | The synthesis, short term storage, packaging and transport of proteins
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| What specific proteins are being synthesized, stored, packaged and transported in the rough er? | Specifically those designed for use outside of that particular cell
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| What are the five types of passive transport? | Diffusion, osmosis, dialysis, facilitated diffusion, and filtration
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| What are the three types of Active transport | Physiological pumps, exocytosis, and endocytosis
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| What are the 8 membranous organelles? | Endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi complex, mitochondria, lysosomes, peroxisomes, vacuoles, vesicles, and the nucleus
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| What are the two non membranous organelles? | Ribosomes, and centrioles
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| Which er has no ribosomes? | The smooth er
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| What is manufactured in the smooth er? | Carbohydrates and lipids
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| What structure is similar yet distinct from the er system? | The Golgi complex
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| What is the Golgi complex structure like? | A series of flattened sacs or vesicles
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| What is the Golgi complex often in conjunction with and attached to? | The nucleus and often attached to the nuclear membrane
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| What 2 functions is the Golgi complex involved with? | 1. The synthesis and packaging of secretions such as hormones or enzymes, for release through exocytosis. 2. Renewel and repair
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| What will the Golgi complex do with the proteins and carbs from the er system? | Modify and repackage (assemble glycoproteins)
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| What are double membrane bound organelles with inner and outer membranes? | Mitochondira
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| What two organelles are the only ones with a double membrane? | Nucleus and mitochondrion
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| Which two organelles are the only ones with DNA? | Nucleus and mitochondrion
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| What is the mitochondria involved with? | Energy production
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| What are the folds in the mitochondria membrane? | Cristae
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| Where is most of the energy by cells produced? | In the mitochondria or cristae
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| What two energy functions is the mitochondria involved with? | The krebbs cycle and electron transport
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| How much of the cells energy is produced from the mitochondria? | 95%
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| How much energy is produced in the cytoplasm during glycolosis? | 5%
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| What are membrane bound organelles with enclosed sacs of hydrolytic enzymes? | Lysosomes
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| What can hydrolytic enzymes do? | They can break down virtually every molecule in the cell
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| What is the function of lysosomes? | To be the cells own digestive system by breaking down worn out and malfunctioning organelles, so they can be recycled.
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| Why must lysosomes constantly rebuild themselves? | Enzymes are constantly eating through lysosomal membranes
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| How can lysosomes destroy the cell? | Autodestrucing and eating through much of it
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| Which membrane bound organelles contains enzymes that neutralize toxic materials? | Peroxisomes
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| What are the toxic materials in a cell? | Usually byproducts of the cells metabolism, as well as from outside the body
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| Why do peroxisomes break down fatty acids and other organic compounds? | They create potentially harmful substances suh as hydrogen peroxide
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| What do other enzymes in the peroxisomes break down hydrogen peroxide to? | O2 and H2O
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| What does the peroxisome protect from? | Potentially dangerous substances and other free radicals produced during metabolism
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| Where are peroxisomes found in high numbers? | The liver
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| What are vacuoles and vesicles? | Membranous sacs in the cytoplasm besises the lysosomes and peroxisomes, which can store substances
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| Which double membrane bound organelles has pores in its membrane? | The nucleus
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| What is the name of a semifluid that is similar to but distinct from cell cytoplasm? | Nucleoplasm
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| What is the granular material consisting of DNA and Histone protein in the nucleus? | Chromatin
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| What happens to the chromatin during mitosis? | Chromatin condenses to a visable form called chromosomes
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| What happen to histone proteins during mitosis? | The histone proteins cause the chromatin to coil up
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| What does the nucleolus consist of? | DNA, RNA, Histones, and enzymes
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| Where are rRNA and Ribosomes made? | The nucleolus
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| How many nucleoluses can a nucleus contain? | Up to 4
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| Where are nucleolus found in higher number? | In muscle and liver tissue where protein is synthesized in high amounts
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| What is DNA synthesis? | Replication
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| What is RNA synthesis? | Transcription
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| What are three nuclear functions? | 1.Stores and transmits genetic information in DNA
2.The site of replication
3.The site of transcription
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| What are microscopic spheres comprised of a combination of RNA and protein in various locations throughout the cell? | Ribosomes
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| What are fixed ribosomes? | Ribosomes attached to the rough endoplasmic reticulum
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| What is the main function of fixed ribosomes? | Protein synthesis of exported proteins
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| What are polyribosomes? | Ribosomes that cluster together in the cytoplasm
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| What is the function of polyribosomes? | Synthesize proteins for use inside the cell
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| What is scattered throughout the the cytoplasm and non-functional? | Individual ribosomes?
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| What must happen for ribosomes to function? | They must attach themselves to the rough er or cluster together
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| What appears at right angles to each other? | Centrioles
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| Centrioles are involved in the formation of what? | Cilia and flagella
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| What are cilia? | Tiny hair like projections of the cell membrane and cytoplasm/ 9 groups of 3 microtubules around the edges surronding 2 micro tubules 9+2. Short and numerous
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| What are flagella? | Long whip like extensions of cell membrane and cytoplasm. Has the same 9+2 arangement. They move the whole cell itself. flagella are long and few
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| What are organizations of cells that specialize in one or more functions that serve the body as a whole? | Tissues
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| What are the four main types of tissue? | Epithelial, connective, muscular, and nervous
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| What lines and covers body parts in epithelial tissue? | Sheets
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| What type of tissue is highly cellular and has little matrix? | Epithelial
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| The intercellular material in Epithilial tissue consists of what? | Hyaluronic acid
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| What is hyaluronic acid? | A type of cellular super glue secreted by cell membranes
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| What kind of tissue is avascular? |
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