Help
Options
Didn't know it?
click below
click below
Knew it?
click below
click below
Don't Know
Remaining cards (0)
Know
retry
shuffle
restart
0:00
Embed Code - If you would like this activity on your web page, copy the script below and paste it into your web page.
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Anatomy test 2
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is the fundamental unit of structure and function in all living things? | The cell |
| What is organized protoplasm made up of? | All of the various biomolecules discussed |
| What are the main compounds? | H20, carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids |
| What are the main elements? | Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, and Nitrogen |
| How do cells differ? | They vary in size and shape to facilitate function |
| What kind of relationship do cells have? | A form/function relationship |
| What are the functions of Squamous/Flat cells? | To cover and protect |
| What are the functions of Columnar/Column-like cells? | To absorb and secrete |
| What are the functions of Muscle-Long cells? | To contract and facilitate movement? |
| What are the four things that all cells have? | A cell membrane, cytoplasm, organelles, and a nucleus (At some point in their development) |
| What type of cells lack a nucleus? | Mature red blood cells? |
| What is cell membrane? | -A delineating boundary -An active and functional part of the cell -Phospholipids and proteins are the main constituents in unequal amounts -Consists of a phospholipid bi-layer irregularly interspersed with proteins |
| What is cytoplasm? | Found within the cell membrane and outside of the nucleus |
| What are organelles? | Tiny organs which carry out specific functions within a cell |
| What are two other names for the cell membrane? | The fluid Mosaic model or the plasma membrane |
| What is the fluid mosaic model/plasma membrane? | The cell membrane |
| What are the two main constituents in the cell membrane, and in what amount? | Phospholipids and proteins in unequal amounts |
| The cell membrane consists of what type of bi-layer? | A phospholipid bi-layer irregularly interspersed with proteins |
| What are very polar molecules with two distinct ends; A head and tail? | Phospholipids |
| The phospholipid tail can be broken down by what? | Broken down by water |
| Is the phospholipid tail Hydrophobic or Hydrophilic? | Hydrophobic |
| Is the phospholipid head Hydrophobic or Hydrophilic? | Hydrophilic |
| Phospholipid heads protect the tail from what? | Water |
| What does Hydrophobic mean? | Avoids water |
| What does Hydrophilic mean? | Attracted to water |
| What are the five functions of the cell membrane and what type of channel is used for transport? | -To serve as a boundary and maintain integrity of the cell -Communication -Immunity -Catalyst -Identification Protein channels are used for transport |
| What are phospholipids largely responsible for in the cell membrane? | Creating the boundary |
| What type of permeability does the cell membrane have? | Semipermeable membrane |
| What does semipermeable mean? | Allowing for some substances to pass while restricting the passage of other substances |
| The communication of the cell membrane happens on what level? | A chemical level; Chemical phenomenon |
| What is a function of some of the outer membrane proteins that serve as receptor sites for chemical messages? | Communication |
| Proteins which serve as receptor sites for for chemical messages are in the form of what? | Neurotransmitters or hormones |
| What is the immunity in the cell membrane a function of? | Membrane proteins |
| How and where do membrane proteins protect? | Like a white blood cell at the surface of the cell; they combine with foreign pathogens and neutralize them |
| What are the functions of some membrane proteins in the form of enzymes, in the cell membrane? | To catalyze reactions at or near the cell surface |
| What does it mean to catalyze reactions? | To speed up reactions |
| What kind of proteins in the cell membrane serve to identify the cell as belonging or not belonging to that organism? | Marker proteins |
| What are marker proteins important in blood transfusions? | You need to have a compatible blood type for a blood transfusion |
| What are the protein channels in the cell membrane for? | Transport |
| What do solutions contain? | Solutes dissolved in a solvent |
| What is a solute? | Dissolved in a solvent |
| What is a solvent? | Dissolves a solute |
| What is a Brownian movement? | A random, ceaseless, non-directional motion of particles in solution. |
| What does the Brownian movement come from? | The radiant energy contained in all matter |
| What is a Hypertonic solution? | More concentrated than the comparison solution by having a higher number of solutes |
| What is a Hypotonic solution? | Less concentrated than the comparison solution by having a lower number of solutes |
| What is an Isotonic solution? | Equally as concentrated as the comparison solution by having the same number of solutes |
| What is another name for passive transport? | Physical transport |
| What type of membrane transport requires no expenditure of energy by the cell to accomplish the transport? | Passive transport |
| What role does diffusion play in passive transport? | The movement of solute particles in all directions within a solution, or in both directions across a semipermeable membrane |
| What direction does diffusion always occur | Down a concentration gradient |
| What is the direction of the net diffusion of particles? | From where they are more concentrated to where they are less concentrated |
| When does diffusion stop? | When equilibrium is reached and particles are equally distributed throughout the enviornment |
| What role does Osmosis play in passive transport? | The diffusion of water molecules |
| What direction does water move during osmosis? | From where there is more water to where there is less water |
| How can osmosis be defined? | The tendency of water to move across a semipermeable membrane into a solution with a higher concentration of dissolved particles |
| What is dialysis? | The separation of crystalloids from colloids |
| How does dialysis separate the crystalloids from colloids? | By diffusion of cyrstalloids across a membrane permeable to the crystalloids only |
| What is a crystalloid? | Small, usually inorganic, molecules that are usually dissolved in a solution |
| What is a Colloid? | Large, usually organic, molecules which tend to be suspended in solution rather than dissolved |
| Which type of diffusion utilizes a carrier molecule, most commonly a membrane protein to accomplish diffusion? | Facilitated diffusion |
| What is the movement of both solute and solvent in one direction only,across a membrane and down a hydrostatic pressure gradient, regardless of of concentration gradient? | Filtration |
| In the body, how is hydrostatic pressure generated? | The pumping action of the heart |
| What is another term for active transport? | Physiological transport |
| What type of transport requires ATP input from the cell and energy from the cell to accomplish transport | Active transport |
| What is exocytosis? | Bulk movement of materials out of a cell |
| How is waste organized? | Into vacuoles which migrate to the cell membrane, attach, and then pump waste out |
| What is endocytosis? | Bulk movement of materials into a cell |
| During endocytosis, what is the bulk movement of particulate matter into the cell if the material is a solid, what is a term for it? | Phagocytosis and cellular eating |
| What is the wholesale engulfment of fluids, also termed cellular drinking? | Pinocytosis |
| What is a pinoglotic vesicle? | Fluid flows in and the membrane pinches off, the vesicle with fluid now moves into a cell. Only happens with liquid |
| What are tiny organs? | Organelles |
| What level structure is an organelle? | Sub-cellular |
| What do organelles do? | Carry out specific functions in a cell |
| What are physiological pumps? | Active transport mechanisms that move ions or molecules across cell membranes against their concentration graidents |
| How do physiological pumps move ions or molecules? | By altering the membranes permeability to the ions or molecules with expenditure of energy |
| What are two types of organelles? | Membranous and non-membranous organelles |
| What are the two types of endoplasmic reticulum? | Rough ER and Smooth ER |
| What is a complicated network of channels, canals, and sacs that extend throughout the cytoplasm | Endoplasmic reticulum |
| What is the endoplasmic reticulum often continuous with? | The cellular membrane, the nuclear membrane, or both |
| What is the endoplasmic reticulum thought to be involved with? | Maintenance and repair of cellular membranes |
| What kind of appearance does the rough er have? | A studded appearance |
| Why does the rough er have a studded appearance? | The presence along the surface of numerous ribosomes |
| What is the rough er involved with? | The synthesis, short term storage, packaging and transport of proteins |
| What specific proteins are being synthesized, stored, packaged and transported in the rough er? | Specifically those designed for use outside of that particular cell |
| What are the five types of passive transport? | Diffusion, osmosis, dialysis, facilitated diffusion, and filtration |
| What are the three types of Active transport | Physiological pumps, exocytosis, and endocytosis |
| What are the 8 membranous organelles? | Endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi complex, mitochondria, lysosomes, peroxisomes, vacuoles, vesicles, and the nucleus |
| What are the two non membranous organelles? | Ribosomes, and centrioles |
| Which er has no ribosomes? | The smooth er |
| What is manufactured in the smooth er? | Carbohydrates and lipids |
| What structure is similar yet distinct from the er system? | The Golgi complex |
| What is the Golgi complex structure like? | A series of flattened sacs or vesicles |
| What is the Golgi complex often in conjunction with and attached to? | The nucleus and often attached to the nuclear membrane |
| What 2 functions is the Golgi complex involved with? | 1. The synthesis and packaging of secretions such as hormones or enzymes, for release through exocytosis. 2. Renewel and repair |
| What will the Golgi complex do with the proteins and carbs from the er system? | Modify and repackage (assemble glycoproteins) |
| What are double membrane bound organelles with inner and outer membranes? | Mitochondira |
| What two organelles are the only ones with a double membrane? | Nucleus and mitochondrion |
| Which two organelles are the only ones with DNA? | Nucleus and mitochondrion |
| What is the mitochondria involved with? | Energy production |
| What are the folds in the mitochondria membrane? | Cristae |
| Where is most of the energy by cells produced? | In the mitochondria or cristae |
| What two energy functions is the mitochondria involved with? | The krebbs cycle and electron transport |
| How much of the cells energy is produced from the mitochondria? | 95% |
| How much energy is produced in the cytoplasm during glycolosis? | 5% |
| What are membrane bound organelles with enclosed sacs of hydrolytic enzymes? | Lysosomes |
| What can hydrolytic enzymes do? | They can break down virtually every molecule in the cell |
| What is the function of lysosomes? | To be the cells own digestive system by breaking down worn out and malfunctioning organelles, so they can be recycled. |
| Why must lysosomes constantly rebuild themselves? | Enzymes are constantly eating through lysosomal membranes |
| How can lysosomes destroy the cell? | Autodestrucing and eating through much of it |
| Which membrane bound organelles contains enzymes that neutralize toxic materials? | Peroxisomes |
| What are the toxic materials in a cell? | Usually byproducts of the cells metabolism, as well as from outside the body |
| Why do peroxisomes break down fatty acids and other organic compounds? | They create potentially harmful substances suh as hydrogen peroxide |
| What do other enzymes in the peroxisomes break down hydrogen peroxide to? | O2 and H2O |
| What does the peroxisome protect from? | Potentially dangerous substances and other free radicals produced during metabolism |
| Where are peroxisomes found in high numbers? | The liver |
| What are vacuoles and vesicles? | Membranous sacs in the cytoplasm besises the lysosomes and peroxisomes, which can store substances |
| Which double membrane bound organelles has pores in its membrane? | The nucleus |
| What is the name of a semifluid that is similar to but distinct from cell cytoplasm? | Nucleoplasm |
| What is the granular material consisting of DNA and Histone protein in the nucleus? | Chromatin |
| What happens to the chromatin during mitosis? | Chromatin condenses to a visable form called chromosomes |
| What happen to histone proteins during mitosis? | The histone proteins cause the chromatin to coil up |
| What does the nucleolus consist of? | DNA, RNA, Histones, and enzymes |
| Where are rRNA and Ribosomes made? | The nucleolus |
| How many nucleoluses can a nucleus contain? | Up to 4 |
| Where are nucleolus found in higher number? | In muscle and liver tissue where protein is synthesized in high amounts |
| What is DNA synthesis? | Replication |
| What is RNA synthesis? | Transcription |
| What are three nuclear functions? | 1.Stores and transmits genetic information in DNA 2.The site of replication 3.The site of transcription |
| What are microscopic spheres comprised of a combination of RNA and protein in various locations throughout the cell? | Ribosomes |
| What are fixed ribosomes? | Ribosomes attached to the rough endoplasmic reticulum |
| What is the main function of fixed ribosomes? | Protein synthesis of exported proteins |
| What are polyribosomes? | Ribosomes that cluster together in the cytoplasm |
| What is the function of polyribosomes? | Synthesize proteins for use inside the cell |
| What is scattered throughout the the cytoplasm and non-functional? | Individual ribosomes? |
| What must happen for ribosomes to function? | They must attach themselves to the rough er or cluster together |
| What appears at right angles to each other? | Centrioles |
| Centrioles are involved in the formation of what? | Cilia and flagella |
| What are cilia? | Tiny hair like projections of the cell membrane and cytoplasm/ 9 groups of 3 microtubules around the edges surronding 2 micro tubules 9+2. Short and numerous |
| What are flagella? | Long whip like extensions of cell membrane and cytoplasm. Has the same 9+2 arangement. They move the whole cell itself. flagella are long and few |
| What are organizations of cells that specialize in one or more functions that serve the body as a whole? | Tissues |
| What are the four main types of tissue? | Epithelial, connective, muscular, and nervous |
| What lines and covers body parts in epithelial tissue? | Sheets |
| What type of tissue is highly cellular and has little matrix? | Epithelial |
| The intercellular material in Epithilial tissue consists of what? | Hyaluronic acid |
| What is hyaluronic acid? | A type of cellular super glue secreted by cell membranes |
| What kind of tissue is avascular? |
Created by:
Hallierob1012
Popular Anatomy sets