Hormones, their glands, and their targets
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| What hormones are released from the hypothalamus? | Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH), Dopamine, Growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH), somatostatin, gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH), corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH), antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
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| Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) | stimulates thyroid stimulating hormone release in the anterior pituitary gland
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| Dopamine | inhibit prolactin release from the anterior pituitary
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| Growth Hormone-Releasing Hormone (GHRH) | stimulate growth hormone release from anterior pituitary
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| Somatostatin | inhibits GH and TSH release from the anterior pituitary; also inhibits release of insulin in pancreas
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| gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) | stimulates FSH and LH release in anterior pituitary
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| Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) | stimulates ACTH release from anterior pituitary
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| Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) | from the hypothalamus and stored in the posterior pituitary, increase water permeability/promotes water reabsorption in kidneys
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| What are the hormones of the anterior pituitary? | Growth Hormone (GH), Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), prolactin (PRL), melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH)
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| What are the hormones of the posterior pituitary? | Antidiuretic hormone, oxytocin
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| Growth hormone (GH) | affects whole body, stimulates growth and cell reproduction
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| Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) | stimulates release of T3 and T4 from thyroid gland
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| Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) | stimulates corticosteroids (cortisol, glucocorticoid and mineralcorticoid), and androgen synthesis and release from adrenocortical cells
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| Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) | in females: sitmulates maturation of ovarian follicles in ovary. In males: stimulates maturation of seminiferous tubules, spermatogenesis, and production of androgen-binding protein form testes
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| Luteinizing hormone (LH) | in females: stimulates ovulation and formation of corpus luteum. In males: stimulates testosterone synthesis
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| Prolactin (PRL) | stimulates milk synthesis and release from mammary glands with oxytocin
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| melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH) | stimulates melanin synthesis and release from melanocytes in skin/hair
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| Oxytocin | stimulates uterine contractions and lactation in niples
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| What are the hormones of the thyroid? | triiodothyronine (T3), thyroxine (T4), and calcitonin
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| Triiodothyronine (T3) | stimulates oxygen and energy production (through RNA polymerase stimulation), which increases metabolic rate and protein synthesis
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| Thyroxine (T4) | less active version of T3
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| Calcitonin | stimulates osteoblasts for bone construction; inhibits the release of calcium from the bone and reducing overall calcium blood levels
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| What are the hormones of the pancreas? | Insulin (Beta islets), glucagon (alpha islets), somatostatin (sigma islets [?]), and pancreatic polypeptide
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| insulin | causes intake of glucose from the blood and synthesizes triglycerides in adipocytes reducing blood glucose levels
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| glucagon | causes glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis in liver causing an increase in blood glucose levels
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| pancreatic polypeptide | self regulates the pancreas
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| What are the parts of the adrenal gland? | Adrenal Cortex and adrenal medulla
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| What are the layers of the adrenal cortex? | from outside to inside: zona glomerulosa, zona fasciculata, and zona reticularis
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| what are the hormones released from the adrenal cortex? | corticoids: glucocorticoids (cortisol), mineralcorticoids (aldosterone), androgens
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| glucocorticoids (Cortisol) | stimulates gluconeogenesis and fat break down, but inhibits protein synthesis and metabolic rate
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| mineralcorticoids (Aldosterone) | stimulates sodium reabsorption in kidneys which increase water reabsorption. Also stimulates release of potassium and hydrogen ions into nephron of the kidneys
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| androgens (DHEA and testosterone for example) | in males: small effect similar to testosterone released from the testes. In females: masculinizing effects
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| what are the hormones of the adrenal medulla? | epinephrine, norepinephrine, dopamine, enkephalin
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| epinephrine | affects whole body for fight response
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| norepinephrine | affects whole body for rest/flight response
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| enkephalin | regulates pain throughout whole body
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| what are the hormones of the parathyroid? | parathyroid hormone
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| parathyroid hormone (PTH) | stimulates calcium release and phosphate release and increases blood calcium land phosphate levels; stimulates break down of bone to release calcium, stimulates activation of vitamin D production in kidneys
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