integumentary system
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| what makes up the integumentary system? | 1. skin 2. hair 3. nails 4. oil and sweat glands 5. sense receptors
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| what are the 3 parts of the cutaneous membrane? | 1. epidermis 2. dermis 3. subcutaneous layer( hypodermis)
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| what in the subcutaneous layer detects pressure? | lamellated corpuscles
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| what types of epithelium make up the epidermis? | keratinized stratified squamous
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| what are the four cell types in the epidermis? | 1. keratinocytes 2. melanocytes 3. intraepidermal macrophages 4. tactile epithelial cells
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| hornlike cells? produce keratin and lamellar granules? | keratinocytes
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| black cells? produce melanin? cluster? | melanocytes
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| immune response against skin invaders? | intraepidermal macrophages
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| landerhans cells | intraepidermal macrophages
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| merkel cells | tactile epithelial
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| touch sensations? tactile disc? | tactile epithelial
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| what are the two types of epidermis? | thin (hairy) thick (hairless)
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| layers of the epidermal strata? (thin to thick) deep to superficial | STRATUM: basale, spinosum, granulosum, corneum, lucidum
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| stratum germinativum? melanocytes are here? cuboidal or columnar keratinocytes? germ cells? | stratum basale
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| when stratumbasale and its germ cells are destroyed, new skin cells cannot grow? | skin graft
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| pigment-producing cells of the epidermis are located in which layer? | stratum basale
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| which layer has stem cells that undergo cell division to continually produce new keratinocytes? | stratum basale
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| thorn-like projections are bundles of intermediate filament where they inserted into desmosomes? | stratum spinosum
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| which layer of the epidermis contains intraepidermal macrophages? | stratum spinosum
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| transition layer? apoptosis? lamella granules? water repellant and sealant? | stratum granulosum
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| clear layer? only in thick skin? hairless layers? | stratum lucidum
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| surface? snake scales? callus? | stratum corneum
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| transition between metabolically active cells of lower layers and the dead layers of keratinocytes of the upper layers? | granulosum
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| what happen as cells push to the surface? | get more keratin
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| what determines rate of growth and shedding? | cell division in stratum basale
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| abnormal kertain? flaky, silvery at skin surface? | psoriasis
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| dense irregular connective tissue containing collagen and elastic fibers | dermis
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| papillary (thin) and reticular (thick) | dermis
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| finger-like projections? increase surface are? | dermal papillae
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| free nerve endings, corpuscles of touch, capillary loops? superficial portion? | papillary region of dermis
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| sebaceous and sudorifierous glands? extensibility and elasticity? | reticular region of dermis
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| ridges and grooves that look like loops to the naked eye | epidermal ridges
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| sebaceous gland open to epidermis | prints
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| increase surface area epidermis for traction and tactile( touch) sensitivity | fingerprints and footprints
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| internal scarring (stretch marks) | striae
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| predominate direction of underlying collagen fibers | lines of cleavage
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| aerolar CT with thin collagen and elastic fibers | papillary region of dermis
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| deeper portion of dermis | reticular region of dermis
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| produced by melanocytes in the stratum basale | melanin
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| most common form of biological melanin | eumelanin
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| benzothiazine units responsible for red hair and freckles | pheomelanin
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| precursor to vitamin A | carotene
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| inherited inability to produce melanin | albinism
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| partial or complete loss of melanocytes from patches of skin | vitiligo
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| lack of oxygen | cyanotic
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| build up of bilirubin due to liver disease | jaundiced
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| heat, exposure, infection | erythematous
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| shock or anemia | pallor
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| oil glands | sebaceous
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| oily? prevents evaporation? keep skin soft? inhibit bacteria? | sebum
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| sweat glands | suboriferous
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| secrete outward to body surface (forehead, palms, soles of feet) | eccrine sweat glands
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| regulation of body temp through perspiration | thermoregulation
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| Emotional sweating, sexual activities "separated from" | apocrine sweat glands
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| modified sweat in external ear | ceruminous glands
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| earwax | cerumen
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| protection? counter pressure? groom | nails
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| transparent nail body with lunula | free edge
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| embedded in fold of skin | nail root
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| cuticle of nail | eponychium
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| growth of nail occurs here | nail matrix
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| vasodilation and vasoconstriction | thermoregulation (skin)
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| excrete bactericidal chemical, acidic pH of perspiration, protect from abrasion, microbes, heat | protection (skin)
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| touch, pressure, vibration, tickling, warmth, coolness – impending tissue damage warning system | cutaneous sensations (skin)
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| water evaporation removes heat | Excretion and absorption
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| precursor molecule in skin must be activated by UV sunlight; enzymes then change it to calcitriol | Synthesis of vitamin D
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| abrasion and minor burns | epidermal wound healing
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| phase 1 of deep wound healing | inflammatory phase- clot, call for help
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| phase 2 of deep wound healing | migratory-scab, epithelial cells migrate, scar tissue. Granulation tissue
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| phase 3 of deep wound healing | proliferative- extensive growth, collagen randomly deposited by fibroblasts
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| phase 4 of deep wound healing | maturation- scab sloughs off
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| raised scar that often forms after deep wound healing | fibrosis
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| remain in boundaires of original wound | hypertrophic scar
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| extend beyond boundaries into surrounding tissues | keloid scar
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| epidermis derived from ectoderm | embryonic inte. system
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| dermis arises from mesoderm | embryonic inte. system
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| Mesoderm gives rise to loosely organized embryonic CT | mesenchyme
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| constant defiency of blood flow to tissues( decubitus) | pressure ulcers
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