A&P Ch 6 (set 2)
Quiz yourself by thinking what should be in
each of the black spaces below before clicking
on it to display the answer.
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| Hyaline cartilage | provides support, flexibility, and resilience | Most abundant type; costal, laryngeal, articular, and nasal |
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| Elastic cartilage | contains elastic fibers | external ear and epiglottis |
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| Fibrocartilage | collagen fibers have great tensile strength; shock absorber | intervertebral discs and knee menisci |
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| ligaments | holds bones together |
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| Appositional | cells secrete matrix on outside of existing cartilage |
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| Interstitial | chondrocytes divide and secrete new matrix, expanding cartilage from within |
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| Calcification of cartilage occurs during | normal bone growth | old age |
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| Axial skeleton | bones of head, neck, and trunk |
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| Appendicular skeletal | bones of extremities and girdles which attach them to trunk |
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| Functions of bones | Support: framework for the body | Protects brain, spinal cord, and vital organs | levers for muscle actions | Storage of calcium, phosphorous, and triglyceride | Blood cell formation occurring in red bone marrow
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| Compact bone | dense outer layer |
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| Spongy bone | cancellous | less dense inner layer | honeycomb of trabeculae | filled with bone marrow | located between layers of compact bone
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| Long bones | longer than they are wide | femur |
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| Short bones | cube shaped | wrist and ankle | sesamoid bones within tendons & patella |
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| Flat bones | thin, flat, slightly curved | ribs, scapula, some skull bones |
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| Irregular bones | complicated shapes | vertebrae, sphenoid, ethmoid |
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| Diaphysis | shaft | compact bone collar surrounds medullary cavity |
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| Medullary cavity | within diaphysis | contains yellow marrow in adults |
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| Sesamoid bones | tendons, patella |
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| Epiphysis | expanded ends contain spongy bone | red bone marrow | lined with hyaline cartilage at joint surfaces |
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| Epiphyseal line | remnant of growth plate |
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| Periosteum | outer connective tissue membrane on bone | contains nerve fibers and blood vessels which enter the bone via nutrient foramina | secured to underlying bone by Sharpey's fibers | covers compact bone on the outside |
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| Osteoblasts | bone forming cells |
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| Osteoclasts | bone destroying cells | becomes an osteocyte | cells that resorb bone matrix | come from blood stem cells |
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| Osteogenic cells | stem cells | become osteoblasts | in periosteum and endosteum |
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| Endosteum | membrane that lines inner surfaces of bone | covers spongy bone within | contains osteoblasts, osteoclasts, and stem cells |
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| Hematopoietic Tissue | red marrow | red blood cells produced | within proximal epiphysis of femur and humerus | within spongy bone of irregular and flat bones | in infants, found within medullary cavities and all spaces in spongy bone
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| Osteocytes | mature bone cells | each in a lacuna |
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| Osteon | Haverisan system | structural unit of compact bone |
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| Lamellae | rings of mineralized matrix |
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| Central canal | Haversian canal | contains blood vessels and nerves |
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| Perforating canal | Volkmann's canal | at right angles to the central canal | connects blood vessels and nerves of the periosteum and central canal |
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| Lacunae | small cavities that contain osteocytes | hollowed out space |
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| Canaliculi | hair-like canals that connect lacunae to each other and to the central canal | osteocyte projections project through | allows all osteocytes to be connected to nutrient supply of blood |
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| Trabeculae | blood vessels go through | align along lines of stress | no osteons | contain irregularly arranged lamellae, osteocytes, and canaliculi | capillaries in endosteum supply nutrients
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| Osteoid | organic bone matrix secreted by osteoblasts | ground substance (proteoglycans, glycoproteins) | Collagen fibers (protein) | provide tensile strength and flexibility |
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| Hydroxyapatites | inorganic | mineral salts | 65% of bone mass | mainly calcium phosphate crystals | responsible for hardness and resistance to compression
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| Osteogenesis | ossification | bone tissue formation | bone formation begins in the embryo | bone growth continues until early childhood | bone remodeling and repair occur lifelong
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| Intramembranous ossification | bone develops from embryonic fibrous membrane | forms flat bones, like clavicles, and cranial bones |
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| Endochondral ossification | bones form by replacing hyaline cartilage | forms most of the rest of the skeleton |
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| Interstitial growth | increases the length of bones |
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| Appositional growth | increases the thickness of bones | remodeling of all bones by osteoblasts and osteoclasts on bone surfaces |
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| Epiphyseal plate | growth in length of long bones |
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| Proliferation zone | growth zone | growth of cartilage on the end of bone side of plate | cartilage cells undergo mitosis |
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| Hypertrophic zone | cartilage cells enlarge |
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| Calcification zone | cartilage cells die, matrix is calcified |
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| Ossification zone | osteogenic | new bone formed on diaphysis side of plate |
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| Growth hormone | stimulates growth in the epiphyseal plate |
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| Thyroid hormone | necessary to make growth hormone work |
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| Testosterone and Estrogens | promote adolescent growth spurts | end growth by inducing epiphyseal plate |
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| Bone deposit | occurs where bone is injured or remodeled due to increased mechanical stress on bone | requires vitamins C, D, and A | requires calcium, phosphorous, magnesium, and manganese |
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| Bone resorption | Osteoclasts secrete lysosomal enzymes (digest organic matrix) | hydrochloric acid converts calcium salts into soluble form | dissolved matrix including Ca++ can enter the blood |
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| Remodeling | hormonal mechanisms maintain calcium levels in the blood | mechanical and gravitational forces stimulated | in response to mechanical stressors over several months | final structure resembles original |
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| Calcium is necessary for | transmission of nerve impulses | muscle contractions | heart contractions | blood clotting | cell division
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| PTH | parathyroid hormone | released during low blood Ca++ levels | stimulates osteoclasts to degrade bone matrix and release Ca++ | blood Ca++ levels increase |
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| Calcitonin | causes osteoblasts to deposit calcium salts in bone | lowers blood Ca++ levels | release by thyroid |
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| Wolff's law | a bone grows or remodels in response to forces or demands placed on upon it | Handedness results in bone of one upper limb being thicker and stronger | curved bones are thickest where they are most likely to buckle | trabeculae form along lines of stress | large, bony projections occur where heavy, active muscles attach
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| Non-displaced fracture | bone ends retain normal position |
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| Displaced fracture | bone ends out of normal alignment |
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| Complete fracture | broken all the way through |
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| Incomplete fracture | not broken all the way through |
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| Linear fracture | fracture is parallel to long axis of the bone |
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| Transverse fracture | fracture is perpendicular to long axis of bone |
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| Compound fracture | Open fracture | bone ends penetrate skin |
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| Simple fracture | Closed fracture | bone ends do not penetrate skin |
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| Hematoma | torn blood vessels hemorrhage | clot forms | site becomes swollen, painful, and inflamed |
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| Fibrocartilagious callus | phagocytic cells clear debris | osteoblasts begin forming spongy bone within 1 week | fibroblasts secrete collagen fibers to connect bone ends |
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| Bony callus | new trabeculae form a hard callus | formation continues until firm union is formed in 2 months |
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| Osteomalacia | soft bones | calcium salts not deposited | caused by vitamin D deficiency or insufficient dietary calcium | Same as Rickets in children |
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| Rickets | osteomalacia in children | legs are bowed and deformed |
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| Osteoporosis | loss of bone mass because bone resorption outpaces deposit | spongy bone of vertebrae and neck of femur most susceptible to fracture | Caused by lack of estrogen, calcium, or vitamin D; petite body form; immobility; low TSH; diabetes | Treatment includes calcium and vitamin D; hormone replacement therapy to slow bone loss | Prevention includes weight-bearing exercise throughout life
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| tuberosity | large rounded projection |
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| trochanter | large, blunt, irregular surface |
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| tubercle | small rounded projection |
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| epicondyle | raised area above a condyle |
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| spine | sharp, slender projection |
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| process | any bony prominence |
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| head | rounded bony articular end of a bone |
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| facet | smooth, nearly flat articular surface |
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| condyle | rounded articular projection |
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| meatus | canal-like passageway |
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| sinus | cavity within a bone |
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| fossa | shallow, basin-like depression |
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| fissure | narrow, slit-like opening |
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| foramen | round, or oval, opening through a bone |
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| Cartilage | contains no blood vessels or nerves |
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| Perichondrium | dense connective tissue that surrounds cartilage | contains blood vessels for nutrient delivery to cartilage |
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| Chondrocytes | living cells of cartilage |
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