Tissues Chapter 4
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| epithelial tissue | sheet of cells that covers a body surface or lines a body cavity
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| apical surface | upper free surface exposed to the body exterior or the cavity of an internal organ
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| basal surface | surface near lower side or bottom of a structure
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| microvilli | fingerlike extensions of the plasma membrane
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| basal lamina | adjacent to basal surface; thin supporting sheet
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| reticular lamina | layer of extracellular material containing a fine network of collagen protein fibers that belongs to the underlying connective tissue
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| basement membrane | reinforces the epithelial sheet, helps it resist stretching and tearing, defines epithelial boundary
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| simple epithelia | single cell layer, found where secretion, absorption, and filtration occur
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| stratified epithelia | composed of two or more layers stacked on top of each other, common in high-abrasion areas like skin
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| squamous epithelia cells | flattened and scale-like
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| cuboidal epithelia cells | boxlike, tall as they are wide
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| columnar epithelia cells | tall and column shaped
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| pseudostratifed epithelium | false impression that several cell layers are present
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| transitional epithelium | forms the lining of hollow urinary organs
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| endocrine gland | ductless glands
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| exocrine gland | secrete their products onto body surfaces or into body cavities
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| merocrine gland | secrete their products by exocytosis as they are produced
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| holocrine gland | accumulate their products within them until they rupture
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| apocrine gland | accumulate their products just only beneath free surface, present in animals
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| vascularity | rich supply of blood vessels
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| ground substance | unstructured material that fills the space between the cells and contains the fibers
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| collagen fibers | constructed mostly of fibrous protein collagen
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| elastic fibers | long, thin, form branching networks in extracellular matrix
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| reticular fibers | short, fine, collagenous fibers with slightly different chemistry and form
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| blast cells | immature cells
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| cyte cells | mature cells
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| mast cells | cluster along blood vessels, detect foreign microorganisms and initiate local inflammatory responses against them
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| macrophage | large, irregularly shaped cells that avidly devour a broad variety of foreign materials
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| areolar connective tissue | support and bind other tissues, holding body against fluids, defending against infection, storing nutrients as fat in adipocytes
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| mesenchyme | common embryonic tissue, has fluid ground substance containing fine sparse fibers and star shaped mesenchymal cells.
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| lamina propia | line body cavities open to the exterior
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| adipose tissue | nutrient storing ability is much greater than areolar tissue
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| adipocyte | fat cells
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| brown adipose tissue | contains abundant mitochondria, which use the lipid fuels to heat the bloodstream to warm the body
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| reticular connective tissue | only fibers in its matrix are reticular fibers which form a delicate network along which fibroblasts called reticular cells are scattered
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| stroma | "bed" internal framework that can support many free blood cells in lymph nodes, spleen, and bone marrow
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| myofilament | elaborate networks of the actin and myosin filaments that bring about movement or contraction in all cell types
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| voluntary muscle | contraction is under our conscious control
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| involuntary muscle | unconsciously controlled
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| muscle fiber | long, cylindrical cells that contain many peripherally located nuclei
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| intercalated discs | branching cells that fit together tightly at unique junctions
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| neuron | highly specialized nerve cells that generate and conduct nerve impulses
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| cutaneous membrane | skin
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| mucous membrane | line all body cavities that open to the outside of the body
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| serous membrane (serosae) | moist membranes found in closed ventral body cavities
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| serous fluid | lubricates the facing surfaces of the parietal and visceral layers so they slide across each other easily
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| scar tissue | formed when dense connective tissue proliferates
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| scab | part of the clot exposed to air quickly dries and hardens
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| granulation tissue | delicate pink tissue that contains capillaries that grow in from nearby areas and lay down a new capillary bed
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| dense regular connective tissue | contains closely packed bundles of collagen fibers running in the same direction, parallel to the direction of the pull
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| tendon | attaches muscle to bone
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| ligaments | connects bones
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| fascia | layers of fibrous tissue covering and separating muscle
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| dense irregular connective tissue | bundles of collagen fibers are much thicker and they are arranged irregularly; if they run in more than one plane
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| hyaline cartilage | gristle, most abundant cartilage in the body... matrix appears glassy blue-white when viewed by the unaided eye
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| elastic cartilage | lots of elastic fibers, found where strength and exceptional stretchability are needed
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| fibrocartilage | rows of chondrocytes alternate with rows of thick collagen fibers, found where strong support and the ability to stand heavy pressure are required, cartilage
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| osseous tissue | bone, has exceptional ability to support and protect body structures
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| osteoblasts | produce organic portion of the matrix and the bone salts are deposited on and between fibers
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| osteocytes | mature bone cells, reside in the lacunae with the matrix they have made
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| osteon | formed of concentric rings of bony matrix surrounding central canals containing the blood vessels and nerves serving the bone
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| erythrocyte | red blood cells
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| endothelium | inner covering, provides a slick friction-reducing lining in lymphatic vessels and in all hollow organs of cardiovascular system
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| mesothelium | middle covering, found in serous membranes, lines the ventral body cavity and coverings its organs
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