anatomy midterm 1
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| factors that maintain a resting potential membrane potential | 1. unequal distribution of ions in the ECF and cytosol 2. inability of most anions to leave the cell 3. elecrogenic nature of Na/K ATPase
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| sequence of events that generate an action potential | 1.depolarizing phase 2.repolarizing phase
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| graded potential | small deviation from the resting membrane potential that make the membrane wither more polarized of less polarized
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| where do graded potentials most offten occure | dendrites and cell body of neuron
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| ionotropic receptor | ion channels that directly bind to the neurotransmitter
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| metabotropic receptors | are G proteins that bind to the neurotransmitter but are not the ion channel. instead, the binding protein initiates ion flow through with in another protein
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| 2 classes or neurotransmitters | small-molecule neurtransmitter, neuropeptides
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| three meninges | outermost-dura mater middle-arachnoid mater innermost- pia mater
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| how many pairs of spinal nerves | 31, 8 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 5 sacral, 1 coccygeal
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| posterior root | contains sensory nerve fibers and conduct nerve impulses from the periphery into the spinal cord; the posterior root ganglion contains the cell bodies of the sensory neurons from the periphery
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| anterior root | contains motor neuron axons that conduct impulses from the spinal cord to the periphery; the cell bodies of motor neurons are located in the gray matter of the cord
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| what does the gray matter primarily consist of | cell bodies of neurons and neuroglia and unmyelinated axons and dendrites of association and motor neurons
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| what does the white matter primarily consist of | bundles of myelinated axons of motor and sensory neurons
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| axon connective tissue sheaths | a fiber is a single axon with in an endoneurium, a fascicle is a bundle of fibers within a perineurium, a nerve is a bundle of fascicles within an epineurium
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| five functional components of a reflex arc | receptor, sensory neuron, integrating center neuron, motor neuron, effector
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| ipsilateral | same side
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| what does the blood brain barrier do | protects brain cells from harmful substances and pathogens by serving as a selective barrier to prevent passage of many substances from the blood to the brain
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| electrical synapse | ionic current spreads to next cell though gap junctions, faster, two-way transmition and capable of synchronizing groups of neurons
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| chemical synapse | one-way information transfer from a presynaptic neuron to a postsynaptic neuron.
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| nerve 1, name, classification, function | olfactory, sensory, smell
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| nerve 2, name, classification, function | optic, sensory, vision
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| nerve 3, name, classification, function | oculomotor, motor, eye movement and pupil dilation
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| nerve 4, name, classification, function | trochlear, motor, eye movement
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| nerve 5, name, classification, function | trigeminal, mixed, sensory-touch on face, corneal reflex, motor-muscles of mastication
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| nerve 6, name, classification, function | abducens, motor, eye movement
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| nerve 7, name, classification, function | facial, mixed, sensory-taste, motor-facial muscles, corneal reflex
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| nerve 8, name, classification, function | vestibulocochlear, sensory, balance and hearing
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| nerve 9, name, classification, function | glossopharyngeal, mixed, sensory-taste gag reflex, motor-elevates pharynx during speech
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| nerve 10, name, classification, function | vagus, mixed, sensory-taste, motor-parasympathic to visceral organs, gag reflex
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| nerve 11, name, classification, function | accessory, motor, muscles of neck and upper back
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| nerve 12, name, classification, function | hypoglossal, motor, tongue movement
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| what does CSF do? | absorbs shock and protects the brain and spinal cord, helps transport nutrients and wastes from the blood and nervous tissue
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| what is the major secretory site for CSF | choriod plexus
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| centers of the medulla oblongata | vital centers-cardiovascular and respiratory centers, other centers-vomiting, swollowing, sneezing, coughing, and hiccuping
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| functions of cerebellum | anterior and posterior lobes coordinate movements, regulate posture; flocculonodular lobe coordinates balance
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| parts of the midbrain | substantia nigra, red nucleus, reticular activating system
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| substantia nigra | large area with dark pigments, help control subconscious muscle activities. loss of neurons here is associated with Parkinson's disease
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| red nucleus | help control voluntary movements of the limbs
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| reticular activating system (RAS) | consists of sensory axons that project to the cerebral cortex. helps maintain consciousness
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| Thalamus | intermediate mass, contains several nuclei, major relay station for most sensory impulses, major relay for intracerebral and cerebro-cerebellar association
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| hypothalamus | inferior to the thalamus, consists of mammillary body, median eminence, infundibulum, and a number of nuclei
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| functions of hypothalamus | control of ANS (many viseromotor functions integration with other expressed behaviors) control release of pituitary hormones, regulation of emotional and behavioral patterns, eating and drinking, body temp. and circadia rhythms
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| central sulcus | separates frontal and parietal lobes
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| precentral gyrus | primary motor area
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| postcentral gyrus | primary somatosensory area
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| function of pons | relays nerve impulses related to voluntary skeletal movements from the cerebral cortex to the cerebellum
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| function of midbrain | conveys motor impulses from the cerebrum to the cerebellum and spinal cord, sends sensory impulses from the spinal cord to the thalamus and regulates auditory and visual reflexes
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| corpus collosum | a bundle of transverse white fibers where internal communication between hemispheres occurs
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| function of basal ganglia | help initiate and terminate body movements
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| functions of limbic system | functions in emotional aspects of behavior and memory, and is associated with pleasure and pain
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| two main routes in spinal cord white matter sensory input travels | posterior column and the spinothalamic tract
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| the three primary vesicles | proenchephalon, mesenchephalon, rhombencephalon
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| the second brain vesicles | the proenchephalon develops into the telecephalon and diencephalon. the rhombencephalon develops into the metencephalon and the myelencephalon
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| what parts of the brain to each of the 5 vesicles form | teleceohalon-cerebral hemisphere lateral ventricles. diencephalon-thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus third ventricle. mesencephalon-midbrain aqueduct. metencephalon-cerebellum upper 4th ventricle. myelencephalon-medulla oblongata, lower 4th ventricle
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