Mr. Mathena Anatomy Final-Mastery Tests
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| Profuse, uncontrolled sweating for no apparent reason is known as | hyperhidrosis
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| Two or more kinds of tissue that work together to perform specialized function make up an | organ
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| List the four major types of membranes. | Serous, Mucous, Synovial, and Cutaneous
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| Serous membranes are lcoated | in body cavities that are completely closed to the outside of the body.
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| Mucous membranes are located | in the lining of cavities and tubes that have openings to the outside of the body
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| The function of synovial membranes is to secrete a fluid that | reduces friction
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| The outer layer of skin is called the | epidermis
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| The inner layer of skin is called the | dermis
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| The masses of connective tissue beneath the inner layers of skin are called the | subcutaneous layers (or hypodermis)
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| The cells of the skin that reproduce are in the | stratum basale
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| The pigment that helps protect the deeper layers of the epidermis is | melanin
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| LIght-complected, fair-haired people have ________ numbers of melanocytes than/as dark-complected, dark-haired people | equal
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| An irregularly shaped, blue-black-colored growth on skin, especially on areas exposed intermittently to high-intensity sunlight, may be a | melanoma
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| Blood vessels are located in the | hypodermis (or subcutaneous layer)
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| The subcutaneous layer functions as a (an) | heat insulator
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| Smooth muscle cells that stand hairs on end in response to cold are known as | arrector pili muscles
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| The glands usually associated with hair follicles are | sebaceous glands
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| Nails are produced by epidermal cells that undergo | keratinization
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| Where are the eccrine sweat glands most numerous | forehead, neck and back
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| The sweat glands associated with regulation of body temperature are the | eccrine glands
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| Which of the following organs produces the most heat? Kidneys, bones, muscles, or lungs? | muscles
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| Sponging the skin with water helps increase the loss of body heat by | evaporation
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| Fibroblasts must migrate into ___ cut to heal the skin defect | deep
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| Study of the human body first began with earliest humans because | they were as interested in their body parts and their functions as we are today
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| What factor set the stage for early knowledge of the human body? | the growing experience of medicine men as they treated the sick with herbs and potions
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| The development of modern science began with: | the belief that natural processes were caused by forces that could be understood
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| What languages form the basis of the language of anatomy and physiology? | Latin and Greek
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| The branch of science that deals with structure of body parts is | Anatomy
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| The branch of science that studies how body parts function is | Physiology
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| The function of a part is (always, sometimes, never) related to its structure. | always
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| List those characteristics that humans share with other organisms | Movement, Growth, Assimilation, Digestion, Circulation, Absorption, Excretion, Respiration, Responsiveness, Reproduction
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| Does statement a explain statement b? | Yes
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| The most abundant chemical in the human body is | water
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| Food is used as a(n) ______ source to build new ___________ ___________ and to participate in the regulation of chemical reactions | energy, living matter
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| Oxygen is used to release | energy
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| An increase in temperature ________ the rate of chemical reactions | increases
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| The action of the heart creates ___________ pressure in the blood vessels. | hydrostatic
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| Homeostasis means | maintenance of a stable internal environment
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| List the levels of organization of the body in order of increasing complexity, beginning with the cell | cell, tissue, organs, organ systems, organism
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| The portion of the body that contains the head, neck, and truck is called the | axial portion
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| The arms and legs are called the | appendicular portion
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| The two major cavities of the axial portion of the body are the | dorsal cavity and the ventral cavity
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| The inferior boundary of the thoracic cavity is the | diaphragm
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| The heart, esophagus, trachea, and thymus gland are located in the _______________, which separates the thoracic cavity into two compartments. | mediastinum
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| List the four body cavities located in the head | middle ear, orbital, nasal, oral
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| The visceral and parietal pleural membranes secrete a serous fluid into a potential space called the | pleural cavity
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| the heart is covered by the __________ membranes | pericardial
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| The peritoneal membranes are located in the __________ cavity | abdominopelvic
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| The covering of the body is made of an organ and various accessory organs known as the ________________ system | integumentary
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| functions of the nervous system | integration and coordination
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| functions of the muscular system | support and movement
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| functions of the circulatory system | processing and transporting
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| functions of the respiratory system | processing and transporting
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| functions of the skeletal system | support and movement
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| functions of the digestive system | processing and transporting
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| functions of the lymphatic system | processing and transporting
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| functions of the endocrine system | integration and coordination
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| functions of the urinary system | processing and transporting
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| functions of the reproductive system | reproduction
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| Which of the following positions of body parts is/are in anatomic position? palms of hands turned toward sides of body, standing erect, arms at side, face toward left shoulder | standing erect and arms at side
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| terms of relative position are used to describe the | location of one body part with respect to another
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| A sagittal section divides the body into | right and left portions
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| The terms epigastric, hypochondriac, and iliac are examples of | abdominopelvic regions
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| The muscle that raises the eyelid is the | levator palpebrae superioris
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| The conjunctiva covers the anterior surface of the eyeball, except for the | central portion (cornea)
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| The superior rectus muscle rotates the eye | upward and toward the midline
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| Te transparency of the cornea is due to the | small number of cells and the lack of blood vessels
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| In the posterior wall of the eyeball, the sclera is pierced by the | optic nerve
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| The shape of the lens changes as the eye focuses on a close object in a process known as | accommodation
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| The anterior chamber of the eye extends from the _______ to the iris | cornea
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| The part of the eye that controls the amount of light entering the eye is the | iris
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| The inner tunic of the eye contains the receptor cells of sight and is called the | retinal
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| The region associated with the sharpest vision is the | fovea centralis
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| The bending of light waves as they pass at an oblique angle from a medium of one optical density to a medium of another optical density is called | refraction
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| The light-sensitive pigment in rods is __________. In the presence of light, this pigment decomposes to form _________ and _________. | rhodopsin, opsin, retinal
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| Some of the fibers of the optic nerves cross within the | optic chiasma
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| the field of tissue engineering uses cells and synthetic materials to fashion | human body parts
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| Cells in a tissue are (similar, dissimilar) | similar
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| The function of epithelial tissue is to | cover body surfaces
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| What are characteristics of epithelia tissue? | has no blood vessels, nourished by substances diffusing from connective tissue, and injuries to it heal rapidly as new cells replace damaged cells
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| Location of simple squamous epithelium | air sacs of lungs, walls of capillaries
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| location of simple cuboidal epithelium | lining of the ducts of salivary glands
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| location of simple columnar epithelium | lining of digestive tract
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| location of pseudostratified columnar epithelium | lining of respiratory passages
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| location of stratified squamous epithelium | epidermis of the skin
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| the inner lining of the urinary bladder and the passageways of the urinary tract are composed of | transitional epithelium
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| A gland that secretes its products into ducts opening into an external or internal surface is called a(n) ___________ gland | exocrine
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| A merocrine gland secretion that is thin, watery, and contains high concentrations of enzymes is called __________ fluid | serous
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| The functions of connect tissue are | support, protection, fat storage
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| Fibroblasts and mast cells found in connective tissue are (fixed, wandering) cells | fixed
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| The connective tissue cells that produce fibers are | fibroblasts
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| The major structural protein of the body and of white connective tissue is | collagen
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| Yellow connective tissue that can be stretched and returned to its original shape is | elastic
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| The cartilage found in the tip of the nose is _____________ cartilage | hyaline
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| The type of cartilage in the intervertebral discs is | fibrocartilage
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| Because of the nature of the blood supply, injured cartilage heals (quickly, slowly) | slowly
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| The most rigid connective tissue is | bone
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| The intercellular material of vascular tissue is | blood plasma
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| The three types of muscle tissue are | skeletal, smooth, cardiac
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| Coordination and regulation of body functions is the function of ________ tissue | nervous
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| The hardest and most enduring human tissue is | bone
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| Which of the following is not an active tissue found in bone? cartilage, cuboidal epithelium, blood, nervous tissue | cuboidal epithelium
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| The shaft of a long bone is the | diaphysis
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| To what part of the bone do tendons and ligaments attach | periosteum
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| Bone that consists mainly of tightly packed tissue is called | compact
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| Bone that consists of numerous branching bony plates separated by irregular spaces is called | spongy
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| The medullary cavity of a long bone is filled with | yellow bone marrow
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| Bones that develop from layers of membranous connective tissue are called | intramembranous bones
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| Bones that develop from masses of hyaline cartilage are called | endochondral bones
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| The band of cartilage between the primary and secondary ossification centers in long bones is called the | epiphyseal plate
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| One bone formation is complete, the bone (remains stable, is remodeled) throughout life | is remodeled
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| The gap between broken ends of a fractured bone is filled by a | cartilaginous callous
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| To accomplish movement, bones and muscles function together to act as | levers
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| Which of the following bones contain red marrow for blood cell formation in a healthy adult? pelvis, small bones of the wrist, ribs, shaft of long bones | pelvis, ribs
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| The bones most often affected by osteoporosis are the | hip bones, vertebrae
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| Which of the following inorganic salts are normally stored in bone? potassium, calcium, lead, chlorine | potassium, calcium
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| The hormone associated with the development of osteoporosis is | estrogen
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| List the major parts of the axial skeleton | skull, hyoid bone, vertebral column, thoracic cage
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| List the major parts of the appendicular skeleton | Pectoral girdle, upper limbs, pelvic girdle, lower limbs
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| The only movable bone of the skull is the | mandible
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| The bone that forms the back of the skull and joins the skull along the lambdoidal suture is the ______________ bone | occipital
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| The upper jaw is formed by the _________ bones. | maxillary
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| The membranous areas (soft spots) of an infant's skull are called | fontanels
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| What part of the vertebral column acts as a shock absorber | intervertebral disks
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| Which of the vertebrae support the most weight? | lumbar
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| The functions of the thoracic cage include | production of blood cells, contribution to breathing, protection of hear and lungs, support of the shoulder girdle
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| True ribs articulate with _____________ ________________ and the ____________ | thoracic vertebrae, sternum
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| The pectoral girdle is made of two ____________ and two _____________ | clavicles, scapulae
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| The ___________ crosses over the ulna when the palm of the hand faces backward | radius
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| The wrist consists of | 8 carpal bones
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| When the hands are placed on the hips, they are placed over the | iliac crest
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| The longest bone in the body is the | femur
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| The lower end of the fibula can be felt as an ankle bone. The correct name is the | lateral malleolus
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| Synovial membrane is found in | freely movable joints
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| The function of bursae is to | act as shock absorbers, facilitate movement of tendons over bones
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| The type of joint that permits the widest range of motion is | ball-and-socket
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| Moving the parts at a joint so that the angle between them is increased is called | extension
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| A sleeping position most likely to avoid low back pain is | a side lying position
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| List the tissues found in skeletal muscle | skeletal muscle tissue, nervous tissue, blood, connective tissue
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| An individual skeletal muscle is separated from adjacent muscles by | fascia
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| Layers of connective tissue extending into the muscle to form partitions between muscle bundles are continuous with attachments of muscle to periosteum called | tendons
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| The characteristic striated appearance of skeletal muscle is due to the arrangement of alternation protein filaments composed of _________ and _____________ | actin, myoisn
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| An injury in which a few muscle fibers are torn but the fascia is left intact is called a | mild muscle strain
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| The union between a nerve fiber and a muscle fiber is the | neuromuscular junction
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| A motor neuron and the muscle fibers it controls are called a | motor unit
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| When the cross-bridge of the myosin molecule forms linkages with actin filaments, the result is | shortening of the muscle fiber
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| The energy used in muscle contraction is supplied by the decomposition of | adenine triphosphate
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| A substance that stores energy released when stores of ATP are in low supply is | creatine phosphatec
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| The chemical that is necessary for the transmission of an impulse from a nerve to a muscle fiber is | acetylcholine
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| The ion necessary to link myosin and actin is | calcium
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| After prolonged muscle use, muscle fatigue occurs due to an accumulation of | lactic acid
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| The minimal strength stimulus needed to elicit contraction of a single muscle fiber is called a(n) | threshold stimulus
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| The strength of a muscle contraction in response to different levels of stimulation is determined by the | number of motor units stimulated
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| The period of time between a stimulus to a muscle and muscle response is called the | latent period
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| Muscle tone | a state of sustained, partial contraction of muscles that is necessary to maintain posture
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| Atrophy | a decrease in the size and strength of a muscle
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| What muscle changes will occur in response to an exercise like swimming that produces relatively weak muscle contraction? | Muscle will be able to resist fatigue, increased numbers of mitochondria and capillaries will form
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| Two types of smooth muscle are _______ muscle and ________ muscle | multiunit, visceral
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| Peristalsis is due to what characteristics of smooth muscle? | capacity of smooth muscle fibers to excite each other, rhythmicity
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| Smooth muscle contracts (more slowly, more rapidly) than skeletal muscle following stimulation | more slowly
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| Impulses travel relatively (rapidly, slowly) through cardiac muscle | rapidly
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| Smooth body movements depend on _____________ giving way to prime movers | antagonists
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| The muscle that compresses the cheeks inward when it contracts is the | buccinator
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| The muscles that move the head to one side are the | sternocleidomastoid,semispinalis capitis, splenius capitis
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| The muscle that abducts the upper arm and can both flex and extend the humerus is the | deltoid
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| The band of tough connective tissue that extends from the xiphoid process to the symphysis pubis and serves as an attachment for muscles of the abdominal wall is the | linea alba
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| The heaviest muscle in the body, which serves to straighten the leg at the hip during walking, is the | gluteus maximus
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