A&P
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| Bone is what type of tissue? | Connective
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| Name the bone functions | Shape, support, protection,movement, electrolyte balance, blood production and Acid-base balance
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| Which bones support the body and hold it upright? | legs, pelvis, and Vertebral column
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| Bones store and release what? | calcium and phosphorus
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| a major site for blood cell formation? | bone marrow
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| Bones encase what? | bone marrow
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| Describe Acid-base balance in the bones? | Bone absorbs and releases alkaline salts to help maintain a stable pH.
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| Longer than they are wide | long bones
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| have a very long axis | long bones
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| The femur of the thigh and the humerus of the arm are examples of what bones | long bones
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| These bones work like levers to move limbs | long bones
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| As broad as they are long | short bones
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| These bones tend to be shaped like cubes | short bones
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| Carpal bones of the wrist and tarsal bones of the ankle are examples of what bones? | short bones
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| What type of bones protect organs? | Flat bones
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| Type of bone that is thin, flat and often curved? | Flat bones
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| Bones of the skull, the ribs, and the breastbone (sternum) are examples of what type of bones? | Flat bones
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| The Shoulder blades are another example of what type of bones? | Flat bones
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| _________ __________ provide a large surface area for the attachment of muscles. | Shoulder blades
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| Often clustered in groups, these bones come in various sizes and shapes. | Irregular bones
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| Vertebrae and facial bones are examples of what type of bones? | Irregular bones
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| Sesamoid are what type of bones? | Irregular bones
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| Small bones embedded in tendons? | Sesamoid Bones
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| The kneecap is an example of what type of bone? | Sesamoid bones
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| The tiniest bone in the body is found where? | The ear
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| Thick compact bone makes up this hollow cylinder | Diaphysis
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| The central shaft-like portion of the long bone | Diaphysis
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| This gives the long bone the strength it needs to support a large amount of weight | Diaphysis
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| The head of each end of a long bone | Epiphysis
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| Strengthens the joint; also allows an expanded area for the attachment of tendons and ligaments. | Epiphysis
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| Made of porous-looking spongey bone. | Epiphysis
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| Central hollow portion of the long bone | medullary cavity
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| epithelial membrane lining the inside of the medullary cavity | endosteum
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| In children, the medullary cavity of the long bone is filled with | blood cell-producing red bone marrow
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| In adults, most of the marrow has turned _______. | yellow
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| Yellow marrow is rich in what? | fat
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| A dense fibrous membrane that covers the diaphysis of the long bone | periosteum
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| When fibers of the periosteum weave together with the fibers of tendons, this arrangement ensures what? | a strong connection between muscle and bone.
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| _________ is crucial for bone survival. | periosteum
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| Some of the fibers of the periosteum _________ the bone, ensuring that the membrane stays firmly anchored. | penetrates
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| Thick cartilage that separates the epiphysis and diaphysis at each end of a long bone. | epiphyseal plate
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| epiphyseal plate is also known as the ? | growth plate
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| Where would you find an epiphyseal plate? | In the long bone of a growing child
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| Once growth has stopped, the epiphyseal plate is replace by what? | epiphyseal line
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| inflammation of bone and marrow | Osteomyelitis
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| Bone includes what types of cells? | Osteoblasts, Osteoclasts, and Osteocytes
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| The study of bone | Osteology
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| Help form bone by secreting substances that comprise the bone's matrix | Osteoblasts
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| dissolves unwanted or unhealthy bone | Osteoclasts
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| mature osteoblasts that have become entrapped in the hardened bone matrix | osteocytes
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| the two functions of osteocytes | some dissolve bone while others deposit new bone.
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| Contribute to the maintenance of bone density while also assisting with the regulation of blood levels of calcium and phosphorus | osteocytes
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| Bone is unique from other connective tissue because of its | matrix
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| The matrix of the bone consists of | collagen fibers and crystalline salts (primarily calcium and phosphate
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| The ________ of bone is hard and calcified. | matrix
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| What types of strength does bone have? | tensile and compressional
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| Which strength does bone lack? | torsional strength
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| When collagen fibers in the matrix make bone highly resistant to stretching forces this is callled | tensile strength
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| When calcium salts allow bones to resist strong squeezing forces this is called | compressional strength
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| Whenever bone experiences an increase in load, the osteocytes do what? | stimulate the creation of new bone
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| Osseous tissue that is light and porous | spongy (cancellous) bone
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| type of bone that is found in the ends of the long bones and in the middle of most other bones | spongy (cancellous) bone
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| spongy bone is always surrounded by | durable compact bone
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| bone that consists of latticework | spongy
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| latticework of bone is called | trabeculae
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| trabeculae adds strength without adding ______, | weight
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| The cavities between the trabeculae are filled with | red bone marrow
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| Red marrow supplies spongy bone with _________ and also produces what? | blood and produces blood cells
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| If the stress a bone is exposed to changes, the ___________ will realign themselves to compensate. | trabeculae
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| Lamellae is found in what type of bone? | compact
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| In compact bone, layers of matrix are arranged in concentric, onion-like rings called | lamellae
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| Haversion canal goes which direction? | up and down
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| Basic structural unit of compact bone | osteon
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| transverse passageways that connect the haversion canals | volkmann's canals
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| transport blood and nurtrients from the bone's exterior to the osteocytes locked inside | volkmann's canals
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| canals are part of the ______. | Osteon
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| consists of an elaborate network of canals and passageways containing nerves and blood vessels | compact bone
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| bone marrow is a type of _____ tissue | soft
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| nearly all of a child's bone contains | red marrow
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| produces red blood cells | red marrow
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| type of soft tissue that fills the medullary cavity of long bones | bone marrow
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| fills the spaces of spongy bone | bone marrow
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| What are the two types of marrow? | red and yellow
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| What type of marrow no longer produces blood cells? | yellow
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| When would yellow marrow change back into red marrow? | severe, chronic blood loss or anemia
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| In an adult, red bone marrow can be found only in the | ribs, sternum, vertebrae, skull, pelvis, and upper parts of both the humerus and femur.
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| The first skeleton in a developing fetus is composed of | cartilage and fibrous connective tissue
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| Early skeleton evolves into bone through which process | ossification
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| Name the two types of ossification processes | One for the fibrous connective tissue and one for cartilage
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| When groups of stem cells in the tissue differentiate into osteoblasts it is called | intramembranous ossification
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| By what age is the skull completely ossified? | age 2
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| Part of the newborns skull that consists of fibrous connective tissue | fontanels
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| Most bones evolve from | cartilage
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| At 3 months gestation the fetus has a skeleton composed mostly of | cartilage
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| Process of turning cartilage into bone | endochondral ossification
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| endochondral ossification begins in the ______ bones | long
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| Bones grow in length or elongate for how long? | a fixed period
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| Bones widen and thicken for how long? | throughout the lifespan
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| Bone lengthening occurs where? | at the epiphyseal plate
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| layer of hyaline cartilage at each end of the bone | epiphyseal plate
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| When bone lengthening stops, the epiphyses have _______. | closed
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| What remains when the epiphyses have closed? | a line of spongy bone called the epiphyseal line
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| When the epiphyseal plate separates from the diaphysis or epiphysis this is called | an epiphyseal fracture
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| What type of fracture can effect future bone growth? | an epiphyseal fracture
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| When bone cells destroy old bone | resorption
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| creation of new bone | ossification
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| The process of osteoclasts removing matrix and reducing the mass of little-used bone | remodeling
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| repairs minor traumas and contributes to homeostasis by releasing calcium into the blood | remodeling
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| After age ___bone loss increases while bone formation slows causing bones to _______. | 40, weaken
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| It's possible to increase bone density through | exercise
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| lack of exercise causes | increased bone loss
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| Which factors affect bone growth | hereditary, nutrition, hormones, and exercise
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| a break in a bone | fracture
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| A bone that is manipulated into it's original position without surgery is called | closed reduction
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| When surgery is needed to reposition the bone this is called | open reduction
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| Type of fracture in which the bone remains aligned and surrounding tissue is intact | simple
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| Type of fracture in which the bone breaks and has pierced the skin. | compound
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| Type of fracture is one in which the fracture is incomplete. Causes the bone to splinter rather than break completely | greenstick
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| Type of fracture that occurs in young children | greenstick
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| buckle fracture is a | greenstick fracture
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| type of fracture most likely to happen as a result of a car accident | comminuted fracture
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| Type of fracture in which the bone is broken into pieces. | comminuted
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| jagged bone ends often make this type of fracture difficult to reposition | spiral
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| Type of fracture in which the fracture line spirals around the bone, the result of a twisting force | spiral
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| elbow fractures commonly occur in | childhood
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| a break in a diseased or weakened bone, usually result from a force that wouldn't normally fracture a healthy bone | pathologic fracture
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| uncomplicated fractures heal in | 8 to 12 weeks
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| Steps of fracture repair | 1. Initial hematoma transforms into granulation tissue
2.Granulation tissue transforms into a soft callus
3. A hard callus forms around the fracture
4. Remodeling replaces the callus tissue with bone
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| exaggerated thoracic curvature | Kyphosis ( hunchback)
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| exaggerated lumbar curvature | Lordosis (swayback)
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| lateral curvature of the spine | Scoliosis
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| Thin layer of hyaline cartilage covering the surface of the epiphysis | articular cartilage
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| osseous tissue | bone tissue
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| the two divisions of the skeleton | Axial (80 bones)
Appendicular (126 bones)
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| projections that allow muscle attachment and depressions or passages that provide routes for blood vessels and nerves | articulations
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| axial skeleton consists of | skull, rib cage, and vertebral column
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| appendicular skeleton consists of | bones of limbs and the pelvic and shoulder area
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| central supporting axis | axial skeleton
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| adult skeleton has ____ bones | 260
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| name the bones of the cranium (skull) | frontal, parietal, occipital, and temporal
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| bony structure housing the brain | cranium
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| join together at the top of the head to form the top and sides of the cranial cavity | parietal bones
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| forms the forehead and the roof of the eye sockets (orbits) | frontal bone
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| forms the rear of the skull | occipital bone
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| ______ means hole | meatus
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| form the sides of the cranium and part of the cranial floor | temporal bones
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| contain the structures of the inner ear and middle ear | temporal bones
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| forms a key part of the cranial floor as well as the floor and the side of the orbits. | sphenoid bone
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| an indented area on top of the sphenoid bone | sella turcica
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| houses the pituitary gland | sella turcica
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| only movable joint in the cranium | temporalmandibular joint
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| joint between the parietal bones and the frontal bone | coronal suture
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| joint between the left and right parietal bones | sagittal suture
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| the line of articulation between the parietal bones and the occipital bone | lambdoidal suture
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| skull contains a number of holes called | foramina
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| large opening in the base of the skull that allows the spinal cord to pass through it as it connects to the brain stem | foramen magnum
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| the bones that meet to form the upper jaw | maxillae
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| form the foundation of the face | maxillae
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| bones that shape the cheeks and form the outer edge of the orbit | zygomatic bones
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| largest and strongest bone in the face | mandible
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| ______ articulates with the temporalmandibular bone | mandible
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| rectangular bones form the bridge of the nose | nasal bones
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| bones of the ear | malleus, incus, stapes also called ossicles
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