research & program evaluation
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| experimental research is the | show 🗑
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| quasi-experiment | show 🗑
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| internal validity | show 🗑
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| external validity refers to whether | show 🗑
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| chi-square | show 🗑
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| experiments emphasize parsimony - | show 🗑
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| show | interpret results in simplest manner
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| bubbles | show 🗑
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| show | flaw the experiment
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| show | confounded or flawed
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| American Psychological Association's Journal of Counseling Psychology publishes more | show 🗑
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| show | understanding of theory
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| applied research (action research or experience-near research) is conducted to advance our | show 🗑
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| show | varies or is capable of change
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| IV is a variable that the researcher | show 🗑
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| DV is the variable the expresses the | show 🗑
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| show | biofeedback
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| IVs & DVs can be discrete or continuous | show 🗑
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| code of ethics for experiments | show 🗑
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| control group does not receive | show 🗑
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| show | the beginning of experiment
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| show | randonmly
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| organismic IV is one the researcher cannot | show 🗑
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| show | hypothesis testing
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| show | tested
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| show | experimental groups which received IV and control group which did not receive IV
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| in null hypothesis the IV does | show 🗑
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| meta-analysis is the study which analyzes the findings | show 🗑
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| show | change
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| show | test of significance
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| show | describes data (mean, median, mode)
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| show | probability or level of significance
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| show | .05 or lower (.01 or .001) indicates that differences will occur by chance only 5x in 100 (significance must be set before experiment begins)
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| ethnographic research is research collected by | show 🗑
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| level of significance could be referred to as | show 🗑
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| show | differences truly exist; experimenter will obtain the same results 95 out of 100 times
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| show | .001 = 1 chance in 1000 or .05 = 1 in 20; .01= 1 in 100
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| Type I & Type II errors are called | show 🗑
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| show | when researcher rejects the null hypothesis when its true
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| Type II or beta errors are when researcher | show 🗑
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| Type I or R = | show 🗑
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| Type II or A = | show 🗑
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| show | alpha level
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| show | power of a statistical test; power connotes a statistical test's ability to reject correctly a false hypothesis
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| show | parametric tests are ONLY used w/ interval and ratio data
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| show | chance that results are merely chance occurrences
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| researchers call these chance factors | show 🗑
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| lowering the significance level (.01 or .001) lowers Type I error but it raises the risk of committing a | show 🗑
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| show | large
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| show | alpha
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| raising sample size ___ risks of chance/error factors | show 🗑
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| show | simplistic form of analysis of variance
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| show | researcher goes to t-table. if the t-value is lower than critical t - in table; accept the null hypothesis. computation must exceed # in table to reject null
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| one-way ANOVA or analysis of variance (F statistic) used when there are | show 🗑
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| analysis of covariance or ANCOVA/ANACOVA tests 2 or more groups while | show 🗑
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| Kruskal-Wallis is used instead of a one-way | show 🗑
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| Wilcoxon -signed rank test used in place of | show 🗑
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| Mann-Whitney U-test used to determine | show 🗑
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| show | Pearson r when parametric assumptions cannot be used
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| chi-square non parametric test examines whether obtained frequencies | show 🗑
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| show | parametric tests
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| when a study has more than 1 DV the term ___ of variance is used | show 🗑
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| show | 3-way ANOVA
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| statistic that indicates the degree or magnitude of relationship between 2 variables is known as "correlation coefficient" abbreviated | show 🗑
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| coefficient correlation makes a statement regarding the association of 2 variables & how a change in 1 is related to a change in another | show 🗑
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| show | the fact that as 1 variable goes up the other goes down
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| positive correlation is evident when both variables change in ___ direction | show 🗑
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| negative correlation is evident when variables are inversely associated - | show 🗑
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| show | dichotomous (i.e. correlate state licensing exam scores to NCC status (dichotomy is licensed/unlicensed)
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| correlations are rarely | show 🗑
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| show | covary positively
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| show | covary negatively
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| correlational research is quasi-experimental and does not yield ___ data | show 🗑
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| show | bivariable
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| if more than 2 variables are under scrutiny is it | show 🗑
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| show | ex. client's dysfunctional behavior is measured (baseline measure); treatment is implemented; then behavior is measured again (i.e. another baseline is computed) As=baseline, Bs=intervention implementation, Cs=2nd or alternative form of intervention
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| show | idiographic studies or single subject designs
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| single-blind study - subject would ___ know if they are part of experimental or control group | show 🗑
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| participant observer model - researcher ___ in study; while making observations about what transpired | show 🗑
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| double-blind study - experimenter and subjects are ___ of subjects' status | show 🗑
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| experimenter effects can flaw experiment because experimenter might | show 🗑
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| AB or ABA time series design is the ___ type of single-subject research; popularized by behavior modifiers in 1960s/70s | show 🗑
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| show | i.e. baseline is secured (A); intervention is implemented (B); outcome is examined by new baseline (ABA); in order to improve research process, an ABAB design can be used
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| show | caused
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| show | reversal of treatment
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| when researcher employs more than one target behavior it is | show 🗑
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| show | linear ; (i.e. 1.0 or -1.0) graphed - a straight line is formed
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| show | interval ; ratio
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| Spearman rho is used for ___ data | show 🗑
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| show | symmetrical bell
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| curves not symmetrical are | show 🗑
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| show | 68% of scores will be +/- 1 SD of mean; 95% of scores will be +/- 2 SD of mean; 99.7% scores will be +/- 3 SD of mean
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| almost all scores will fall within __ SD of mean | show 🗑
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| show | most common measures of central tendency
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| show | highest or max point of concentration; most frequently occurring score & least important measure
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| median is the | show 🗑
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| show | average
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| modal category is the | show 🗑
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| bimodal curve looks like | show 🗑
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| show | multimodal
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| range is the distance between largest & smallest scores. To compute range | show 🗑
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| show | dispersion or spread of scores from the mean
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| most useful measure of central tendency is the | show 🗑
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| factorial design is used when there are | show 🗑
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| show | reciprocal of the arithmetic mean of the reciprocals of the set of values
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| show | negative numbers or data containing zero
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| show | skewed or there are extreme scores
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| show | left or right side of curve are not mirror images & mean, median, mode fall at different points
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| show | at same point
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| w/ extreme scores the median is | show 🗑
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| show | the mean of the 2 numbers in the middle
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| show | 2 or more IVs
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| sometimes IVs in factorial design are called | show 🗑
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| show | that it lets the researcher know if results are influenced by pretesting (the 2 sets of groups can then be compared)
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| show | right & low scores fall to left
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| show | left & high scores to right
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| show | without more information
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| histogram | show 🗑
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| mesokurtic refers to peakedness of a curve. the normal Gaussian curve is said to be mesokurtic since peak is in the | show 🗑
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| show | IV and it is on horizontal axis
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| y axis (ordinate) vertical axis is used for | show 🗑
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| show | observations of animals
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| show | highest number -- lowest number + 1
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| exclusive range | show 🗑
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| show | correlated
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| John Henry Effect (also called compensatory rivalry of a comparison group) is a threat to the interval validity of an experiment that occurs when subjects strive to prove that an experimental treatment | show 🗑
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| SD if everyone scored the same, the SD would be | show 🗑
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| show | spread
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| Z-scores are same as | show 🗑
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| show | 50 w/ each SD as 10 (i.e. z-score of -1.0 would be a T-score of 40; z-score of -1.5 would T-score of 35)
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| stanine score divides the distribution into ___ equal parts w/ 1 being the lowest & 9 being the highest point of curve | show 🗑
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| show | 100
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| show | number
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| show | peakedness
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| show | flatter & more spread out
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| show | leptokurtic
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| show | 5
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| 4 basic measurement scales (noir) | show 🗑
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| show | classifies, names, labels, or identifies (street address, ph #) nominal scale has true zero point & does NOT indicate order
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| show | interval and ratio
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| show | nominal and ordinal
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| show | rank order; there is no math involved; ordinal sounds like order
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| show | add & subtract but not multiply or divide here
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| show | interval
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| show | adding, subtracting, multiplying, dividing are all used. Most psychological attributes CANNOT be measured on a ratio scale
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| show | no manipulation of either variable
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| show | 2nd IV has 3 levels
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| show | survey ; 50-75%
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| show | poor construction of instrument, low return rate, fact that often subjects are not picked at random, & not representative of population
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| show | fake
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| nocebo | show 🗑
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| show | subjects perform better when they know they are being observed (reactive effect or observer)
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| show | or the experimenter expectancy effect
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| show | observer has perceptions regarding research that are not accurate
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| Halo effect | show 🗑
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| trend analysis refers to statistical procedure performed at different times to see if | show 🗑
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| show | similar to ANOVA but more powerful b/c it can help eliminate differences between groups which otherwise could not be solely attributed to the experimental IVs
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| show | correlates the DV
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| cohort | show 🗑
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| show | predicts very high and very low scores will move toward the mean if a test is given again
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| show | 25th percentile is 1st quartile, 50th is 2nd quartile, 75th is 3rd quartile, and distance between
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| cross-sectional method may be called "synchronic method" & longitudinal as | show 🗑
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| show | single point in time
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| longitudinal study is data collected at | show 🗑
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| show | researcher has an accomplice pose as a client
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| ipsative implies a within person analysis rather than a normative analysis between individuals | show 🗑
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| show | non parametric statistical test; distribution is not normal
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| show | expected distribution
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| demand characteristics relates to any bit of knowledge (correct or incorrect) that the subject is | show 🗑
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| show | final product; summative assess how well goal has been met
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| formative is ___ while program is underway | show 🗑
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| show | nondirectional experimental hypothesis
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| 1 tailed test is a | show 🗑
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| 1 tailed test have the advantage of having more power than | show 🗑
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| show | hypothesis and experiment becomes self-fulfilling prophecy
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| counterbalancing used to control for the fact the ___ of the an experiment could impact upon its outcome | show 🗑
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| ahistoric therapy - any psychotherapeutic model that focuses on | show 🗑
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| show | one
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| show | statistical package for the social sciences - computer software program that can ease pain of computing statistical data by hand
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| random (standard) sampling is | show 🗑
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| stratified (stratum or strata) sampling - __ characteristic needs to be represented in sample | show 🗑
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| show | entire
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| horizontal sampling occurs when researcher selects subjects from a ___ socioeconomic group | show 🗑
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| show | 2 or more
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| show | (i.e. 10,000 ppl - you want 1,000 for your study, so you pick the 1st person between 1-10 at random & then use every 10th person)
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| show | procedures
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| nonparametric tests could be called | show 🗑
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| show | correlated w/ DV
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| Mann-Whitney U-test used to determine whether 2 | show 🗑
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| Wilcoxon signed-ranked test examines whether 2 | show 🗑
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| Wilcoxon is an alternative to | show 🗑
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| show | general to the specific
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| show | specific to general
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| attrition or experimental mortality subjects that | show 🗑
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| standard error of measurement (SEM) tells counselor what would most likely occur if the same individual took | show 🗑
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