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research & program evaluation

Quiz yourself by thinking what should be in each of the black spaces below before clicking on it to display the answer.
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Question
Answer
show process of gathering data in order to make evaluative comparisons regarding different situations  
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show researchers use preexisting groups, IV cannot be altered (gender, ethnicity)  
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show refers to whether DVs were truly influenced by the experimental IVs or whether other factors had an impact  
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show the experimental research results can be generalized to larger populations (other ppl, settings or conditions)  
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chi-square   show
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experiments emphasize parsimony -   show
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Occam's Razor suggests that experimenters   show
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show flaws in research (hint - sticker on car window or tint)  
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undesirable variables do what to the experiment   show
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show confounded or flawed  
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show counseling research articles than any other periodical in our field  
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show understanding of theory  
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applied research (action research or experience-near research) is conducted to advance our   show
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a variable is a factor that   show
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IV is a variable that the researcher   show
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show outcome or data (Data or DV) DV expresses data regarding factors you wish to measure  
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show biofeedback  
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show discrete - brand of counseling or occupation; continuous - height or weight  
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show 1-subjects are informed of risks; 2-negative after effects are removed; 3-subjects can w/draw at any time; 4-confidentiality of subjects will be protected; 5-research reports results will be presented in accurate format; 6-use only techniques trained in  
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control group does not receive   show
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show the beginning of experiment  
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show randonmly  
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organismic IV is one the researcher cannot   show
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R. A. Fisher is known for   show
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hypothesis is a statement which can be ___ regarding the relationship of the IV & DV   show
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show experimental groups which received IV and control group which did not receive IV  
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in null hypothesis the IV does   show
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meta-analysis is the study which analyzes the findings   show
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show change  
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from a purely statistical standpoint, in order to compare a control group to the experimental group you will need a   show
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descriptive statistics   show
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show probability or level of significance  
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P is set at   show
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show interviews, observations, and inspection of documents  
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show level of confidence or confidence level  
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P = .05 also means   show
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the smaller the P value the best chance to rule out chance factors   show
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Type I & Type II errors are called   show
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Type I or alpha errors are   show
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show accepts the null hypothesis when its false  
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Type I or R =   show
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show accepts  
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show alpha level  
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1 minus beta is called   show
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parametric tests have more power than nonparametric tests because   show
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ALL statistical tests rely on probability because there is a   show
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show errors  
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lowering the significance level (.01 or .001) lowers Type I error but it raises the risk of committing a   show
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show large  
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show alpha  
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show lowers  
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t-test is a   show
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t-test is used to see if 2 sample means are significantly different; researcher sets level of significance & then runs experiment. t-test is computed & yields a t-value.   show
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show 2 or more groups. researcher consults an F table for critical value. If F value obtained exceeds critical F; null is rejected  
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analysis of covariance or ANCOVA/ANACOVA tests 2 or more groups while   show
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Kruskal-Wallis is used instead of a one-way   show
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show t-test when data are nonparametric & you wish to test whether 2 correlated means differ significantly  
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Mann-Whitney U-test used to determine   show
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Spearman correlation or Kendall's tau used in place of   show
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show differ significantly from expected frequencies  
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statisticians have created nonparametric tests that parallel popular   show
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show multivariate analysis (MANOVA)  
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show 3-way ANOVA  
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show r  
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show correlations range from 0.00=no relation; 1.0 or -1.0=perfect relation  
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a positive correlation is not stronger relation than negative one of same numerical value (i.e. -.70 is stronger than +.60) the minus sign just describes   show
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show same  
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negative correlation is evident when variables are inversely associated -   show
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show dichotomous (i.e. correlate state licensing exam scores to NCC status (dichotomy is licensed/unlicensed)  
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show 1.00 (perfect)  
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show covary positively  
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show covary negatively  
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correlational research is quasi-experimental and does not yield ___ data   show
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correlational data that describes the nature of 2 variables is called   show
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show multivariable  
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N=1; N or number of persons being studied is 1. this is a "case study" of 1 approach. popular w/ behaviorists who seek overt (measurable) behavioral changes.   show
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show idiographic studies or single subject designs  
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single-blind study - subject would ___ know if they are part of experimental or control group   show
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participant observer model - researcher ___ in study; while making observations about what transpired   show
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show unaware  
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experimenter effects can flaw experiment because experimenter might   show
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show simplest  
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show i.e. baseline is secured (A); intervention is implemented (B); outcome is examined by new baseline (ABA); in order to improve research process, an ABAB design can be used  
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show caused  
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ABA may be called "withdrawal design" or   show
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show multiple baseline design  
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show linear ; (i.e. 1.0 or -1.0) graphed - a straight line is formed  
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Pearson Product Moment correlation r is used for ___ or ___ data   show
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Spearman rho is used for ___ data   show
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normal curve or Gaussian curve looks like a   show
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show asymmetrical - called skewed distributions  
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show 68% of scores will be +/- 1 SD of mean; 95% of scores will be +/- 2 SD of mean; 99.7% scores will be +/- 3 SD of mean  
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almost all scores will fall within __ SD of mean   show
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show most common measures of central tendency  
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show highest or max point of concentration; most frequently occurring score & least important measure  
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show middle score of distribution of scores  
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show average  
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modal category is the   show
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bimodal curve looks like   show
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show multimodal  
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range is the distance between largest & smallest scores. To compute range   show
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larger the range the greater the   show
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show mean or X w/ line over it  
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factorial design is used when there are   show
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show reciprocal of the arithmetic mean of the reciprocals of the set of values  
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show negative numbers or data containing zero  
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mean is misleading when distribution is   show
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skewed distribution   show
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normal curve, numbers fall   show
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w/ extreme scores the median is   show
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median is directly in middle of numbers ranked from lowest to highest of odd numbers. If there are even numbers the median is computed by   show
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show 2 or more IVs  
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show levels  
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show that it lets the researcher know if results are influenced by pretesting (the 2 sets of groups can then be compared)  
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positively skewed - tail is to the   show
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show left & high scores to right  
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show without more information  
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histogram   show
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mesokurtic refers to peakedness of a curve. the normal Gaussian curve is said to be mesokurtic since peak is in the   show
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x axis (abscissa) is used to plot   show
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y axis (ordinate) vertical axis is used for   show
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show observations of animals  
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inclusive range   show
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show regular range; highest # -- lowest # = R  
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show correlated  
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John Henry Effect (also called compensatory rivalry of a comparison group) is a threat to the interval validity of an experiment that occurs when subjects strive to prove that an experimental treatment   show
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show zero  
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show spread  
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show SD; sometimes SD are called z-scores  
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T-scores or transformed scores uses mean of   show
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show 9  
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CEEB (College Entrance Examination Board) or ETS (Educational Testing Service) 200 -- 800 w/ mean of 500 has a SD of   show
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F scores are never expressed as ___ negative   show
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show peakedness  
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platykurtic distribution is ; (plat sounds like ___)   show
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show leptokurtic  
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show 5  
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4 basic measurement scales (noir)   show
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show classifies, names, labels, or identifies (street address, ph #) nominal scale has true zero point & does NOT indicate order  
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show interval and ratio  
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show nominal and ordinal  
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ordinal scale (2nd level of measurement) puts variables in   show
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interval scale has #s scaled at equal distances but has NO absolute zero point. Most tests fall in this category and you can   show
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show interval  
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ratio scale is an interval scale w/ a true zero point. highest level of measurement   show
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naturalistic observations   show
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2X3 factorial design uses 2 IVs. 1st IV has 2 levels (male & female) and   show
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show survey ; 50-75%  
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show poor construction of instrument, low return rate, fact that often subjects are not picked at random, & not representative of population  
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show fake  
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nocebo   show
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show subjects perform better when they know they are being observed (reactive effect or observer)  
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show or the experimenter expectancy effect  
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Observer bias   show
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Halo effect   show
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trend analysis refers to statistical procedure performed at different times to see if   show
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show similar to ANOVA but more powerful b/c it can help eliminate differences between groups which otherwise could not be solely attributed to the experimental IVs  
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show correlates the DV  
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cohort   show
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show predicts very high and very low scores will move toward the mean if a test is given again  
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quartile or fourths   show
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cross-sectional method may be called "synchronic method" & longitudinal as   show
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show single point in time  
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show different points in time  
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confederate or stooge   show
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show (i.e whether you are looking at individual's own patterns revealed by measurement (i.e. high/lows) or whether his/her score is compared to others evaluated by same measure  
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show non parametric statistical test; distribution is not normal  
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chi-square is merely used to determine whether an obtained distribution significantly from an   show
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show aware of that can influence behavior  
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summative evaluation is used to assess a   show
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formative is ___ while program is underway   show
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2 tailed test is often called a   show
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1 tailed test is a   show
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show 2 tailed tests  
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show hypothesis and experiment becomes self-fulfilling prophecy  
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counterbalancing used to control for the fact the ___ of the an experiment could impact upon its outcome   show
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show here & now rather than past  
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multiple treatment interference - subject receives more than__ treatment; it is tough to discern which modality truly caused the experiment   show
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SPSS -   show
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show random  
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show special  
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cluster sampling used when it is nearly impossible to find a list of the ___ population   show
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horizontal sampling occurs when researcher selects subjects from a ___ socioeconomic group   show
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show 2 or more  
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systematic sampling (vs. random sampling) used by taking ever nth person   show
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operational definition means to outline the ___ or gives details on how a test was performed   show
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nonparametric tests could be called   show
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show correlated w/ DV  
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show uncorrelated/unmatched means differ significantly  
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show correlated means differ significantly  
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Wilcoxon is an alternative to   show
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deductive reduces the   show
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show specific to general  
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show drop out of study  
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show same test again  
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