research & program evaluation
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show | process of gathering data in order to make evaluative comparisons regarding different situations
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show | researchers use preexisting groups, IV cannot be altered (gender, ethnicity)
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show | refers to whether DVs were truly influenced by the experimental IVs or whether other factors had an impact
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show | the experimental research results can be generalized to larger populations (other ppl, settings or conditions)
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chi-square | show 🗑
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experiments emphasize parsimony - | show 🗑
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Occam's Razor suggests that experimenters | show 🗑
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show | flaws in research (hint - sticker on car window or tint)
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undesirable variables do what to the experiment | show 🗑
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show | confounded or flawed
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show | counseling research articles than any other periodical in our field
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show | understanding of theory
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applied research (action research or experience-near research) is conducted to advance our | show 🗑
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a variable is a factor that | show 🗑
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IV is a variable that the researcher | show 🗑
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show | outcome or data (Data or DV) DV expresses data regarding factors you wish to measure
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show | biofeedback
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show | discrete - brand of counseling or occupation; continuous - height or weight
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show | 1-subjects are informed of risks; 2-negative after effects are removed; 3-subjects can w/draw at any time; 4-confidentiality of subjects will be protected; 5-research reports results will be presented in accurate format; 6-use only techniques trained in
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control group does not receive | show 🗑
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show | the beginning of experiment
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show | randonmly
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organismic IV is one the researcher cannot | show 🗑
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R. A. Fisher is known for | show 🗑
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hypothesis is a statement which can be ___ regarding the relationship of the IV & DV | show 🗑
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show | experimental groups which received IV and control group which did not receive IV
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in null hypothesis the IV does | show 🗑
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meta-analysis is the study which analyzes the findings | show 🗑
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show | change
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from a purely statistical standpoint, in order to compare a control group to the experimental group you will need a | show 🗑
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descriptive statistics | show 🗑
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show | probability or level of significance
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P is set at | show 🗑
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show | interviews, observations, and inspection of documents
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show | level of confidence or confidence level
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P = .05 also means | show 🗑
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the smaller the P value the best chance to rule out chance factors | show 🗑
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Type I & Type II errors are called | show 🗑
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Type I or alpha errors are | show 🗑
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show | accepts the null hypothesis when its false
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Type I or R = | show 🗑
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show | accepts
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show | alpha level
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1 minus beta is called | show 🗑
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parametric tests have more power than nonparametric tests because | show 🗑
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ALL statistical tests rely on probability because there is a | show 🗑
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show | errors
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lowering the significance level (.01 or .001) lowers Type I error but it raises the risk of committing a | show 🗑
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show | large
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show | alpha
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show | lowers
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t-test is a | show 🗑
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t-test is used to see if 2 sample means are significantly different; researcher sets level of significance & then runs experiment. t-test is computed & yields a t-value. | show 🗑
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show | 2 or more groups. researcher consults an F table for critical value. If F value obtained exceeds critical F; null is rejected
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analysis of covariance or ANCOVA/ANACOVA tests 2 or more groups while | show 🗑
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Kruskal-Wallis is used instead of a one-way | show 🗑
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show | t-test when data are nonparametric & you wish to test whether 2 correlated means differ significantly
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Mann-Whitney U-test used to determine | show 🗑
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Spearman correlation or Kendall's tau used in place of | show 🗑
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show | differ significantly from expected frequencies
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statisticians have created nonparametric tests that parallel popular | show 🗑
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show | multivariate analysis (MANOVA)
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show | 3-way ANOVA
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show | r
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show | correlations range from 0.00=no relation; 1.0 or -1.0=perfect relation
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a positive correlation is not stronger relation than negative one of same numerical value (i.e. -.70 is stronger than +.60) the minus sign just describes | show 🗑
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show | same
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negative correlation is evident when variables are inversely associated - | show 🗑
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show | dichotomous (i.e. correlate state licensing exam scores to NCC status (dichotomy is licensed/unlicensed)
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show | 1.00 (perfect)
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show | covary positively
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show | covary negatively
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correlational research is quasi-experimental and does not yield ___ data | show 🗑
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correlational data that describes the nature of 2 variables is called | show 🗑
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show | multivariable
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N=1; N or number of persons being studied is 1. this is a "case study" of 1 approach. popular w/ behaviorists who seek overt (measurable) behavioral changes. | show 🗑
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show | idiographic studies or single subject designs
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single-blind study - subject would ___ know if they are part of experimental or control group | show 🗑
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participant observer model - researcher ___ in study; while making observations about what transpired | show 🗑
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show | unaware
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experimenter effects can flaw experiment because experimenter might | show 🗑
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show | simplest
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show | i.e. baseline is secured (A); intervention is implemented (B); outcome is examined by new baseline (ABA); in order to improve research process, an ABAB design can be used
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show | caused
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ABA may be called "withdrawal design" or | show 🗑
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show | multiple baseline design
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show | linear ; (i.e. 1.0 or -1.0) graphed - a straight line is formed
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Pearson Product Moment correlation r is used for ___ or ___ data | show 🗑
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Spearman rho is used for ___ data | show 🗑
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normal curve or Gaussian curve looks like a | show 🗑
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show | asymmetrical - called skewed distributions
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show | 68% of scores will be +/- 1 SD of mean; 95% of scores will be +/- 2 SD of mean; 99.7% scores will be +/- 3 SD of mean
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almost all scores will fall within __ SD of mean | show 🗑
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show | most common measures of central tendency
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show | highest or max point of concentration; most frequently occurring score & least important measure
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show | middle score of distribution of scores
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show | average
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modal category is the | show 🗑
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bimodal curve looks like | show 🗑
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show | multimodal
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range is the distance between largest & smallest scores. To compute range | show 🗑
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larger the range the greater the | show 🗑
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show | mean or X w/ line over it
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factorial design is used when there are | show 🗑
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show | reciprocal of the arithmetic mean of the reciprocals of the set of values
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show | negative numbers or data containing zero
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mean is misleading when distribution is | show 🗑
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skewed distribution | show 🗑
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normal curve, numbers fall | show 🗑
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w/ extreme scores the median is | show 🗑
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median is directly in middle of numbers ranked from lowest to highest of odd numbers. If there are even numbers the median is computed by | show 🗑
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show | 2 or more IVs
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show | levels
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show | that it lets the researcher know if results are influenced by pretesting (the 2 sets of groups can then be compared)
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positively skewed - tail is to the | show 🗑
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show | left & high scores to right
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show | without more information
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histogram | show 🗑
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mesokurtic refers to peakedness of a curve. the normal Gaussian curve is said to be mesokurtic since peak is in the | show 🗑
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x axis (abscissa) is used to plot | show 🗑
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y axis (ordinate) vertical axis is used for | show 🗑
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show | observations of animals
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inclusive range | show 🗑
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show | regular range; highest # -- lowest # = R
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show | correlated
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John Henry Effect (also called compensatory rivalry of a comparison group) is a threat to the interval validity of an experiment that occurs when subjects strive to prove that an experimental treatment | show 🗑
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show | zero
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show | spread
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show | SD; sometimes SD are called z-scores
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T-scores or transformed scores uses mean of | show 🗑
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show | 9
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CEEB (College Entrance Examination Board) or ETS (Educational Testing Service) 200 -- 800 w/ mean of 500 has a SD of | show 🗑
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F scores are never expressed as ___ negative | show 🗑
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show | peakedness
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platykurtic distribution is ; (plat sounds like ___) | show 🗑
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show | leptokurtic
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show | 5
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4 basic measurement scales (noir) | show 🗑
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show | classifies, names, labels, or identifies (street address, ph #) nominal scale has true zero point & does NOT indicate order
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show | interval and ratio
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show | nominal and ordinal
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ordinal scale (2nd level of measurement) puts variables in | show 🗑
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interval scale has #s scaled at equal distances but has NO absolute zero point. Most tests fall in this category and you can | show 🗑
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show | interval
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ratio scale is an interval scale w/ a true zero point. highest level of measurement | show 🗑
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naturalistic observations | show 🗑
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2X3 factorial design uses 2 IVs. 1st IV has 2 levels (male & female) and | show 🗑
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show | survey ; 50-75%
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show | poor construction of instrument, low return rate, fact that often subjects are not picked at random, & not representative of population
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show | fake
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nocebo | show 🗑
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show | subjects perform better when they know they are being observed (reactive effect or observer)
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show | or the experimenter expectancy effect
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Observer bias | show 🗑
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Halo effect | show 🗑
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trend analysis refers to statistical procedure performed at different times to see if | show 🗑
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show | similar to ANOVA but more powerful b/c it can help eliminate differences between groups which otherwise could not be solely attributed to the experimental IVs
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show | correlates the DV
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cohort | show 🗑
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show | predicts very high and very low scores will move toward the mean if a test is given again
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quartile or fourths | show 🗑
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cross-sectional method may be called "synchronic method" & longitudinal as | show 🗑
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show | single point in time
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show | different points in time
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confederate or stooge | show 🗑
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show | (i.e whether you are looking at individual's own patterns revealed by measurement (i.e. high/lows) or whether his/her score is compared to others evaluated by same measure
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show | non parametric statistical test; distribution is not normal
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chi-square is merely used to determine whether an obtained distribution significantly from an | show 🗑
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show | aware of that can influence behavior
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summative evaluation is used to assess a | show 🗑
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formative is ___ while program is underway | show 🗑
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2 tailed test is often called a | show 🗑
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1 tailed test is a | show 🗑
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show | 2 tailed tests
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show | hypothesis and experiment becomes self-fulfilling prophecy
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counterbalancing used to control for the fact the ___ of the an experiment could impact upon its outcome | show 🗑
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show | here & now rather than past
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multiple treatment interference - subject receives more than__ treatment; it is tough to discern which modality truly caused the experiment | show 🗑
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SPSS - | show 🗑
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show | random
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show | special
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cluster sampling used when it is nearly impossible to find a list of the ___ population | show 🗑
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horizontal sampling occurs when researcher selects subjects from a ___ socioeconomic group | show 🗑
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show | 2 or more
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systematic sampling (vs. random sampling) used by taking ever nth person | show 🗑
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operational definition means to outline the ___ or gives details on how a test was performed | show 🗑
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nonparametric tests could be called | show 🗑
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show | correlated w/ DV
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show | uncorrelated/unmatched means differ significantly
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show | correlated means differ significantly
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Wilcoxon is an alternative to | show 🗑
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deductive reduces the | show 🗑
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show | specific to general
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show | drop out of study
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show | same test again
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