WVSOM -- Gross Anatomy -- Development of the Nervous system
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| What 5 things do neural crest cells become? | melanocyctes, bones and muscles of the face, nerve satellite cells, oligodendrocytes/Schwann cells and ALL ganglia
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| How does the neural tube form? | the neural goove continues to fold
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| What cells follow the neural tube? | neural crest cells
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| What does the neural tube give rise to? | the entire central nervous system
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| What are Schwann cells? | support celsl located in the peripheral nervous sytem
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| What are oligodendrocytes? | support cells located in the brain and spinal curve
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| What are the parasympathetic nerves of the head? | III, VII, IX and X
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| How many axons do Schwann cells engulf? | 1
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| How many axons do oligodendrocytes engulf? | can have many axons
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| What does myelnation do for us? | increase the conduction speed
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| What cells migrate into the face and neck regions to give rise to bone, cartilage, muscles and connective tissue? | neural crest cells
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| What do neural crest cells form in the face and neck regions? | bone, cartilage, muscles, and connective tissue
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| What are satellite cells? | support or stem cells found around ganglia. Derived from neural crest cells
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| What are dorsal root ganglia? | all sensory cell bodies in the body
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| What are sensory ganglia of the cranial nerves? | V,VII, IX, and X. Descendants of neural crest cells
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| What are the paravertebral ganglia? | cell bodies of sympathetic GVE neurons going to the heart lungs, sweat glands, arrector pi muscle or somatic capillary muscle sphincters. Derived from neural crest cells
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| What are adrenal medulla cells? | also called chromafin cells. Release norepi and epi into the blood stream. Derived from neural crest cells
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| What are post-synaptic parasympathetic neurons derived from? | neural crest cells
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| What are the parasympathetic ganglia of the head? | III, VII, IX and X. Dervied from neural crest cells
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| What are the 3 zones of the neural tube? | ventricular zone, intermediate zone and marginal zone
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| What does the ventricular zone of the neural tube give rise to? | all neurons and microglia. Eventually becomes the ependymeal layer that lines the ventricles and central canal
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| What does the intermediate zone differentiate into? | neuroblast cells
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| What do the marginal zones of the neural tube contain? | white matter tracts where the actual meninges project to
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| What does the mesenchyme surrounding the neural tube come? | pia, arachoid and dura mater
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| What does the neural tube do as it thickens? | it differentiates into the alar and basal blate separated by the sulcus limitans
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| What does the alar form? | posterior horn
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| What is the posterior horn? | sensory region of the spinal cord
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| What does basal plates form? The anterior horn |
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| How does the medulla develop? | same way as the spinal cord except it will open like a book on the anterior portion
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| How far does the spinal cord descend thru the vertebral canal in an embryo? | runs the full length of the vertebral canal
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| At 6 months gestation how far does the spinal cord ascend? | S1
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| Where is the spinal cord in the vertebral canal in a newborn? | ~L3-L2 level
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| Where is the spinal cord in the vertebral canal in an adult? | ~L1
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| How is the neural groove formed? | the ectodermal layer of the lrilaminar embryo folds in on itself
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| What are the 3 distinct regions of the grainstem and brain in the fetus? | prosencephalon, mesencephalon and rhombencephalon
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| What does the prosencephalon differentiate into? | diencephalon and telencephalon
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| What is the 5 distinct regions that differentiate from the forebrain, midbrain and hindbrain? | Telencephalon, diencephalon, mesencephalon, metencephalon and myencephalon
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| What does the Rhombencephalon turn into? The metencephalon and myelencephalon |
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| What is the pontine flexture? Final bend between the metencephalon and myelencephalon that helps form the brain |
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| What does the metencephalon turn into? | pons and cerebellum
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| What does the myelencephalon turn into? | the medulla
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| What does the telencephalon turn into? | the cerebral hemispheres and the lateral ventricles
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| What does the diencephalon make up? | thalamus and third ventricle
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| What does the mesencephalon make up? | midbrain and aqueduct
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| What does the metencephalon make up? | pons, cerebellum and fourth ventricle
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| What does the myelencephalon make up? | medulla and fourth ventricle
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| What does a narrowing of the aqueduct cause? | backup of fluid into the lateral and third ventricle (hydrocephalus
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| What separates the lateral ventricles? | spetum pellucidum
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| What is the flow of CSF? | lateral ventricles -> third ventricle -> cerebral aqueduct -> fourth ventricle -> subarachnoid space
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| What is holoprosencephaly? | failure of the cerebral hemispheres and lateral ventricles to separate. The left and right lateral ventricles are not separated
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| How does the cerebral cortex develop? | grows much larger than the rest and takes on a “c-shaped” appearance as it enlarges
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| Why is there an enlargement of the cerebral cortex? | proliferation of nerve cells to form mature neurons of the brain form the inside -> out
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| What happens as the telencephalon grows larger? | gets wrinkly and forms distinct sulci, and gyri on the surface as well as the frontal, temporal, insular and occipital lobes
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| How does the olfactory tract form? | develops as an extension of the frontal lobe.
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| Where do the olfactory neurons extend to? | olfactory epithelium of the nasal cavity
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| How do the eyes form? | retina is directly connected to the diencephalon and then induces the formation of the lens from epidermal tissue. Retina is actually a part of the CNS
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| What are the 4 types of spina bifida? | occulta, meningocele, meningomyelocele and myeloschisis
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| What is Spina Bifida meningocele? | bulb of dura and arachnoid bulging out but spinal cord is still ok
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| What causes spina bifida? | failure of the caudal pore to close
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| What is spina bifida occulta? | failure of the arch to close. Most common.
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| What is meningomyelocele? | bulb of dura, arachnoid and spinal cord all bulge out
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| What is myeloschisis? | Open spinal cord. Surface tissue is the spinal cord
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| What is a Meningocele? | arachnoid and dura mater out of the occipital lobe
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| What is meningoencephalocele? | pare of cerebellum is out of the cranium
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| What is meningohydroencephalocele? | dura mater, occipital lobe as well as ventricle bulges out
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| What is anecehpaly? | large defect of cranial neuropore. Cerebral hemispheres fail to form
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| What is agenesis of the corpus callosum? | there is a complete or partial absence of the corpus callosum.
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| What is the Arnold chiari malformation? | extension of the cerebellum thru the foramen magnum possibly compressing vital structures of the medulla
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