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Nervous system devel
WVSOM -- Gross Anatomy -- Development of the Nervous system
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What 5 things do neural crest cells become? | melanocyctes, bones and muscles of the face, nerve satellite cells, oligodendrocytes/Schwann cells and ALL ganglia |
| How does the neural tube form? | the neural goove continues to fold |
| What cells follow the neural tube? | neural crest cells |
| What does the neural tube give rise to? | the entire central nervous system |
| What are Schwann cells? | support celsl located in the peripheral nervous sytem |
| What are oligodendrocytes? | support cells located in the brain and spinal curve |
| What are the parasympathetic nerves of the head? | III, VII, IX and X |
| How many axons do Schwann cells engulf? | 1 |
| How many axons do oligodendrocytes engulf? | can have many axons |
| What does myelnation do for us? | increase the conduction speed |
| What cells migrate into the face and neck regions to give rise to bone, cartilage, muscles and connective tissue? | neural crest cells |
| What do neural crest cells form in the face and neck regions? | bone, cartilage, muscles, and connective tissue |
| What are satellite cells? | support or stem cells found around ganglia. Derived from neural crest cells |
| What are dorsal root ganglia? | all sensory cell bodies in the body |
| What are sensory ganglia of the cranial nerves? | V,VII, IX, and X. Descendants of neural crest cells |
| What are the paravertebral ganglia? | cell bodies of sympathetic GVE neurons going to the heart lungs, sweat glands, arrector pi muscle or somatic capillary muscle sphincters. Derived from neural crest cells |
| What are adrenal medulla cells? | also called chromafin cells. Release norepi and epi into the blood stream. Derived from neural crest cells |
| What are post-synaptic parasympathetic neurons derived from? | neural crest cells |
| What are the parasympathetic ganglia of the head? | III, VII, IX and X. Dervied from neural crest cells |
| What are the 3 zones of the neural tube? | ventricular zone, intermediate zone and marginal zone |
| What does the ventricular zone of the neural tube give rise to? | all neurons and microglia. Eventually becomes the ependymeal layer that lines the ventricles and central canal |
| What does the intermediate zone differentiate into? | neuroblast cells |
| What do the marginal zones of the neural tube contain? | white matter tracts where the actual meninges project to |
| What does the mesenchyme surrounding the neural tube come? | pia, arachoid and dura mater |
| What does the neural tube do as it thickens? | it differentiates into the alar and basal blate separated by the sulcus limitans |
| What does the alar form? | posterior horn |
| What is the posterior horn? | sensory region of the spinal cord |
| What does basal plates form? The anterior horn | |
| How does the medulla develop? | same way as the spinal cord except it will open like a book on the anterior portion |
| How far does the spinal cord descend thru the vertebral canal in an embryo? | runs the full length of the vertebral canal |
| At 6 months gestation how far does the spinal cord ascend? | S1 |
| Where is the spinal cord in the vertebral canal in a newborn? | ~L3-L2 level |
| Where is the spinal cord in the vertebral canal in an adult? | ~L1 |
| How is the neural groove formed? | the ectodermal layer of the lrilaminar embryo folds in on itself |
| What are the 3 distinct regions of the grainstem and brain in the fetus? | prosencephalon, mesencephalon and rhombencephalon |
| What does the prosencephalon differentiate into? | diencephalon and telencephalon |
| What is the 5 distinct regions that differentiate from the forebrain, midbrain and hindbrain? | Telencephalon, diencephalon, mesencephalon, metencephalon and myencephalon |
| What does the Rhombencephalon turn into? The metencephalon and myelencephalon | |
| What is the pontine flexture? Final bend between the metencephalon and myelencephalon that helps form the brain | |
| What does the metencephalon turn into? | pons and cerebellum |
| What does the myelencephalon turn into? | the medulla |
| What does the telencephalon turn into? | the cerebral hemispheres and the lateral ventricles |
| What does the diencephalon make up? | thalamus and third ventricle |
| What does the mesencephalon make up? | midbrain and aqueduct |
| What does the metencephalon make up? | pons, cerebellum and fourth ventricle |
| What does the myelencephalon make up? | medulla and fourth ventricle |
| What does a narrowing of the aqueduct cause? | backup of fluid into the lateral and third ventricle (hydrocephalus |
| What separates the lateral ventricles? | spetum pellucidum |
| What is the flow of CSF? | lateral ventricles -> third ventricle -> cerebral aqueduct -> fourth ventricle -> subarachnoid space |
| What is holoprosencephaly? | failure of the cerebral hemispheres and lateral ventricles to separate. The left and right lateral ventricles are not separated |
| How does the cerebral cortex develop? | grows much larger than the rest and takes on a “c-shaped” appearance as it enlarges |
| Why is there an enlargement of the cerebral cortex? | proliferation of nerve cells to form mature neurons of the brain form the inside -> out |
| What happens as the telencephalon grows larger? | gets wrinkly and forms distinct sulci, and gyri on the surface as well as the frontal, temporal, insular and occipital lobes |
| How does the olfactory tract form? | develops as an extension of the frontal lobe. |
| Where do the olfactory neurons extend to? | olfactory epithelium of the nasal cavity |
| How do the eyes form? | retina is directly connected to the diencephalon and then induces the formation of the lens from epidermal tissue. Retina is actually a part of the CNS |
| What are the 4 types of spina bifida? | occulta, meningocele, meningomyelocele and myeloschisis |
| What is Spina Bifida meningocele? | bulb of dura and arachnoid bulging out but spinal cord is still ok |
| What causes spina bifida? | failure of the caudal pore to close |
| What is spina bifida occulta? | failure of the arch to close. Most common. |
| What is meningomyelocele? | bulb of dura, arachnoid and spinal cord all bulge out |
| What is myeloschisis? | Open spinal cord. Surface tissue is the spinal cord |
| What is a Meningocele? | arachnoid and dura mater out of the occipital lobe |
| What is meningoencephalocele? | pare of cerebellum is out of the cranium |
| What is meningohydroencephalocele? | dura mater, occipital lobe as well as ventricle bulges out |
| What is anecehpaly? | large defect of cranial neuropore. Cerebral hemispheres fail to form |
| What is agenesis of the corpus callosum? | there is a complete or partial absence of the corpus callosum. |
| What is the Arnold chiari malformation? | extension of the cerebellum thru the foramen magnum possibly compressing vital structures of the medulla |
Created by:
tjamrose
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