Bones/Skeletal System.
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| Components of the skeletal system | Bones
Ligaments
Tendons
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| Hard connective tissue containing calcium salts | Bone
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| Band of fibrous connective tissues that connects bones to bones | Ligaments
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| Connective tissues that connects muscles to bones | Tendons
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| Additional types of fractures | Impacted
Colles
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| When broken ends of the bone are forced into each other | Impacted
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| Fracture of the radius just above the wrist with the bone displaced; causes a "hump" in the arm just above the wrist. | Colles
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| Adult human body has ---- bones | 206
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| What are long bones | These bones have a very long axis and are longer than they are wide (example: femur of the thigh and the humerus of the arm)
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| What are short bones | About as broad as they are long, these tend to be shaped like cubes. (example: carpal bones of the wrist and the tarsal bones of the ankle)
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| What are flat bones | These thin, flat, often curved bones protect organs, such as the bones of the skull, the ribs, and the breastbone (sternum)
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| What are irregular bones | Often clustered in groups, these bones come in various sizes and shapes. (example: vertebrae and facial bones)
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| Epiphysis | The head end of the long bone
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| Diaphysis | The central shaft-like portion of the bone
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| Articular cartilage | Covering the surface of the epiphysis is a thin layer of hyaline cartilage
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| Medullary cavity | The central hollow portion
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| Endosteum | The inside of the medullary cavity is lined with a thin epithelial
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| Types of bone tissue | Spongy or Cancellous bone.
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| Spongy tissue | found in the ends of long bones and in the middle of most other bones
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| Compact bone | Dense and solid. Its density offers strength, which is why it forms the shafts of long bones and the outer surfaces of other bones.
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| Layers of compact bone | Lamellae
Haversian or Osteonic canal
Osteon
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| Tiny gaps between rings of lamellae | Lacunae
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| Microscopic passageways | Calaniculi
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| Transverse passageways | Volkmann's canals
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| Types of bone marrow | Red and yellow bone marrow
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| Red bone marrow | Bone marrow charged with producing red blood cells. nearly all of a child's bones contain red blood marrow
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| Yellow bone marrow | Overtime, red marrow is gradually replaced with fatty yellow marrow.
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| In adults red marrow can only be found in the | ribs, sternum, vertebrae, skull, pelvis, and the upper parts of both the humerus (arm) and femur ( thigh). All other bones contain yellow marrow.
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| Types of bone fractures | Simple
Compound
Greenstick
Comminuted
Spiral
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| The bone remains aligned and the surrounding tissue is intact | Simple fracture
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| The bone has pierced the skin. | Compound fracture
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| The fracture is incomplete, typically occurs in young children. | Greenstick fracture
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| Bone breaks into pieces. | Comminuted fracture
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| Fracture line spirals around the bone | Spiral fracture.`
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| A break in a bone is called | Fracture
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| Broken bones can be manipulated into their original position without surgery. this is called | Closed reduction
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| Surgery is needed to reposition the bones with screws, pins, or plates to stabilize the bones. | Open reduction.
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| Uncomplicated fractures heal in | 8-12 weeks
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| Fracture repair | Blood vessels in the bone are torn
resulting in bleeding and the formation of a clot
Collagen and fibrocartilage are deposited in the tissue forming callus
Bone-forming cells produce
Remoldeling eventually replaces the callus tissue with bone.
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| 80 comprise upright, central supporting axis of the body, includes the skull, rib cage, and vertebral colum | Axis Skeleton
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| 126 bones make up the bones of the limbs and the pelvic and shoulder area | Appendicular skeleton
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| Axial Skeleton The skull has -- bones | 22
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| Cranium has -- bones | 8
Frontal (1)
Parietal (2)
Temporal (2)
Occipital (1)
Sphenoid (1)
Ethmoid (1)
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| Face has -- bones | 14
Nasal (2)
Maxillary (2)
Zygomactic (2)
Mandible (1)
Lacrimal (2)
Palatine (2)
Inferior nasal conchae (2)
Vomer (1)
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| Ear has -- bones | 6
Malleus (2)
Incus (2)
Stapes (2)
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| Hyoid has -- bone | 1
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| Vertebral colum has -- bones | 26
Cervical vertebrae (7)
Thoracic vertebrae (12)
Lumbar vertebrae (5)
Sacrum (1)
Coccyx (1)
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| Thoracic age has -- bones | 25
Sternum (1)
Ribs (24)
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| Appendicular Skeleton Pectoral girdle has -- bones | 4
Scapula (2)
Clavicle (2)
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| Upper limbs has -- bones | 60
Humerus (2)
Radius (2)
Ulna (2)
Carpals (16)
Metacarpals (10)
Phalanges (28)
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| Pelvic girdle has -- bones | 2
Coxal (2)
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| Lower limbs has -- bones | 60
Femur (2)
Patella (2)
Tibia (2)
Tarsals (4)
Metatarsals (10)
Phalanges (28)
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| Partial bones | Join together at the top of the head to form the top and sides of the cranial cavity
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| Frontal bone | Forms the forehead and the roof of the eye sockets
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| Occipital bone | Forms the rear of the skull
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| Temporal bones | Form the sides of the cranium and part of the cranial floor; also contain the structures of the inner and middle ear
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| Inner and middle ear | External Auditory Meatus (opening into ear)
Mastoid process (lump behind ear)
Zygomatic arch (cheekbone)
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| Sphenoid bone | Forms a key part of the cranial floor as well as the floor and side walls of the orbits
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| Ethmoid bone | Contributes to the walls of the orbits, the roof and walls of the nasal cavity, and the nasal septum
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| The anterior fontanel | The largest fontanel
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| Posterior (occipital) fontanel | The smallest fontanel
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| Consists of 33 vertebrae, hold the head and torso upright, serves as an attachment point for the legs and encases the spinal cord- | Vertebral column
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| 5 Sections of the vertebral column | Cervical
Thoracic
Lumbar
Sacrum
Coccyx
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| Cervical vertebrae | 7 vertebrae C1-C7
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| Thoracic vertebrae | 12 vertebrae T1-T12
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| Lumbar vertebrae | 5 vertebrae L1-L5
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| Sacrum | 5 fused vertebrae S1
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| Coccyx | 4 fused vertebrae
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| Between each vertebra is an | Intervertebral disc.- designed to support weight and absorb shock.
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| The intervertebral disc consists of 2 parts. | A gel- like core, called the nucleus pulposus
A ring of tough fibrocartilage, called the annulus fibrosus.
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| Abnormal spinal curvatures | Scoliosis
Kyphosis or hunchback
Lordosis or swayback
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| Sternum has 3 regions | Manubrium
Body
Xiphoid process.
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| Manubrium | This is the broadest portion. Suprasternal notch (at the top of the manubrium between the two clavicles) is easily palpated.
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| Body | This is the longest portion; it joins the manubrium at the sternal angle (also called the angle of Louis), which is also the location of the second rib.
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| Xiphoid process | An important landmark for cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR), the xiphoid process provides an attachment point for some abdominal muscles
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| How many pairs of ribs attach to the vertebral column | 12
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| Ribs 1 to 7 are called | True ribs
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| Ribs 8-10 are called | False ribs
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| Ribs 11 and 12 are called | Floating ribs
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| The lower edges of the Thoracic cage are called | Costal margins
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| The ribs protect | Spleen, Liver, and a portion of the kidneys.
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| Clavicle | Collarbone
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| Scapula | Shoulder blade
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| Most commonly broken bone in the body | Clavicle
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| Acromion process | This extension of the scapula articulates with the clavicle; it is the only point where the arm and the scapula attach to the rest of the skeleton
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| Coracoid process | This finger- like process provides a point of attachment for some of the muscles of the arm
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| Glenoid cavity | This shallow socket articulates with the head of the humerus (upper arm bone)
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| Upper limb consists of | Humerus (upper arm bone), the radius and the ulna (the bones of the lower arm), and the carpals (the bones of the hand)
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| The humerus is the long bone of the upper arm it contains these features | Head
Olecranon fossa
Olecranon process
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| Head | The enlarged end of this bone is covered with articular cartilage; it articulates with the glenoid cavity of the capula.
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| Olecranon fossa | This is a depression on the posterior side of the humerus
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| Olecranon process | This is the bony point of the elbow; it slides in the olecranon fossa when the arm is extended.
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| The bony bumps that can be felt at the wrist | Styloid processes of the radius and ulna
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| Proimal head | Of the radius is a distinctive disc that rotates on the humerus when the palm is turned forward and back
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| Radial tuberosity | Where the biceps muscle attaches to the bone.
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| Ulna | Bone of the lower arm; it is longer than the radius
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| The hand consists of what | Wrist, palm, and fingers
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| The fingers are formed by bones called | Phalanges
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| 5 metacarpal bones | form the palm of the hand
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| 8 carpal bones | arranged in 2 rows of 4 bones- form the wrist.
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| A large, flaring section you can feel under the skin | Ilium
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| The lower posterior portion | Ischium
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| The most anterior portion that joins with the other pubis at the symphysis pubis, a disc of cartilage that separates the two pubic bones | Pubis
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| The upper, outer edge of the ilium | Iliac crest
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| A depression that houses the head of the femur to form the "hip socket" | Acetabulum
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| Projection into the pelvic cavity | Ischial spine
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| Supports your body when you're sitting | Ischial tuberosity
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| Each of the 2 larger bones of the hip is called | Os coxae
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| The combination of the Os coxae and the sacrum is known as the | Pelvis
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| Lower limbs consist of | Femur (thigh bone), patella (knee cap), tibia, fibula (bones of the lower leg), and foot.
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| Longest and strongest bone in the body | Femur
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| Widest points of the femur at the knee | Medial and lateral epicondyle
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| Known as the knee cap | Patella
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| What forms toes | Phalanges
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| The great toe (big toe) is called what | Hallux
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| Bones that form the middle portion of the foot | Metatarsals
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| Second largest tarsal bone is the | Talus
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| The largest tarsal bone is | Calcaneus
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