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Chapter 6 &7
Bones/Skeletal System.
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Components of the skeletal system | Bones Ligaments Tendons |
| Hard connective tissue containing calcium salts | Bone |
| Band of fibrous connective tissues that connects bones to bones | Ligaments |
| Connective tissues that connects muscles to bones | Tendons |
| Additional types of fractures | Impacted Colles |
| When broken ends of the bone are forced into each other | Impacted |
| Fracture of the radius just above the wrist with the bone displaced; causes a "hump" in the arm just above the wrist. | Colles |
| Adult human body has ---- bones | 206 |
| What are long bones | These bones have a very long axis and are longer than they are wide (example: femur of the thigh and the humerus of the arm) |
| What are short bones | About as broad as they are long, these tend to be shaped like cubes. (example: carpal bones of the wrist and the tarsal bones of the ankle) |
| What are flat bones | These thin, flat, often curved bones protect organs, such as the bones of the skull, the ribs, and the breastbone (sternum) |
| What are irregular bones | Often clustered in groups, these bones come in various sizes and shapes. (example: vertebrae and facial bones) |
| Epiphysis | The head end of the long bone |
| Diaphysis | The central shaft-like portion of the bone |
| Articular cartilage | Covering the surface of the epiphysis is a thin layer of hyaline cartilage |
| Medullary cavity | The central hollow portion |
| Endosteum | The inside of the medullary cavity is lined with a thin epithelial |
| Types of bone tissue | Spongy or Cancellous bone. |
| Spongy tissue | found in the ends of long bones and in the middle of most other bones |
| Compact bone | Dense and solid. Its density offers strength, which is why it forms the shafts of long bones and the outer surfaces of other bones. |
| Layers of compact bone | Lamellae Haversian or Osteonic canal Osteon |
| Tiny gaps between rings of lamellae | Lacunae |
| Microscopic passageways | Calaniculi |
| Transverse passageways | Volkmann's canals |
| Types of bone marrow | Red and yellow bone marrow |
| Red bone marrow | Bone marrow charged with producing red blood cells. nearly all of a child's bones contain red blood marrow |
| Yellow bone marrow | Overtime, red marrow is gradually replaced with fatty yellow marrow. |
| In adults red marrow can only be found in the | ribs, sternum, vertebrae, skull, pelvis, and the upper parts of both the humerus (arm) and femur ( thigh). All other bones contain yellow marrow. |
| Types of bone fractures | Simple Compound Greenstick Comminuted Spiral |
| The bone remains aligned and the surrounding tissue is intact | Simple fracture |
| The bone has pierced the skin. | Compound fracture |
| The fracture is incomplete, typically occurs in young children. | Greenstick fracture |
| Bone breaks into pieces. | Comminuted fracture |
| Fracture line spirals around the bone | Spiral fracture.` |
| A break in a bone is called | Fracture |
| Broken bones can be manipulated into their original position without surgery. this is called | Closed reduction |
| Surgery is needed to reposition the bones with screws, pins, or plates to stabilize the bones. | Open reduction. |
| Uncomplicated fractures heal in | 8-12 weeks |
| Fracture repair | Blood vessels in the bone are torn resulting in bleeding and the formation of a clot Collagen and fibrocartilage are deposited in the tissue forming callus Bone-forming cells produce Remoldeling eventually replaces the callus tissue with bone. |
| 80 comprise upright, central supporting axis of the body, includes the skull, rib cage, and vertebral colum | Axis Skeleton |
| 126 bones make up the bones of the limbs and the pelvic and shoulder area | Appendicular skeleton |
| Axial Skeleton The skull has -- bones | 22 |
| Cranium has -- bones | 8 Frontal (1) Parietal (2) Temporal (2) Occipital (1) Sphenoid (1) Ethmoid (1) |
| Face has -- bones | 14 Nasal (2) Maxillary (2) Zygomactic (2) Mandible (1) Lacrimal (2) Palatine (2) Inferior nasal conchae (2) Vomer (1) |
| Ear has -- bones | 6 Malleus (2) Incus (2) Stapes (2) |
| Hyoid has -- bone | 1 |
| Vertebral colum has -- bones | 26 Cervical vertebrae (7) Thoracic vertebrae (12) Lumbar vertebrae (5) Sacrum (1) Coccyx (1) |
| Thoracic age has -- bones | 25 Sternum (1) Ribs (24) |
| Appendicular Skeleton Pectoral girdle has -- bones | 4 Scapula (2) Clavicle (2) |
| Upper limbs has -- bones | 60 Humerus (2) Radius (2) Ulna (2) Carpals (16) Metacarpals (10) Phalanges (28) |
| Pelvic girdle has -- bones | 2 Coxal (2) |
| Lower limbs has -- bones | 60 Femur (2) Patella (2) Tibia (2) Tarsals (4) Metatarsals (10) Phalanges (28) |
| Partial bones | Join together at the top of the head to form the top and sides of the cranial cavity |
| Frontal bone | Forms the forehead and the roof of the eye sockets |
| Occipital bone | Forms the rear of the skull |
| Temporal bones | Form the sides of the cranium and part of the cranial floor; also contain the structures of the inner and middle ear |
| Inner and middle ear | External Auditory Meatus (opening into ear) Mastoid process (lump behind ear) Zygomatic arch (cheekbone) |
| Sphenoid bone | Forms a key part of the cranial floor as well as the floor and side walls of the orbits |
| Ethmoid bone | Contributes to the walls of the orbits, the roof and walls of the nasal cavity, and the nasal septum |
| The anterior fontanel | The largest fontanel |
| Posterior (occipital) fontanel | The smallest fontanel |
| Consists of 33 vertebrae, hold the head and torso upright, serves as an attachment point for the legs and encases the spinal cord- | Vertebral column |
| 5 Sections of the vertebral column | Cervical Thoracic Lumbar Sacrum Coccyx |
| Cervical vertebrae | 7 vertebrae C1-C7 |
| Thoracic vertebrae | 12 vertebrae T1-T12 |
| Lumbar vertebrae | 5 vertebrae L1-L5 |
| Sacrum | 5 fused vertebrae S1 |
| Coccyx | 4 fused vertebrae |
| Between each vertebra is an | Intervertebral disc.- designed to support weight and absorb shock. |
| The intervertebral disc consists of 2 parts. | A gel- like core, called the nucleus pulposus A ring of tough fibrocartilage, called the annulus fibrosus. |
| Abnormal spinal curvatures | Scoliosis Kyphosis or hunchback Lordosis or swayback |
| Sternum has 3 regions | Manubrium Body Xiphoid process. |
| Manubrium | This is the broadest portion. Suprasternal notch (at the top of the manubrium between the two clavicles) is easily palpated. |
| Body | This is the longest portion; it joins the manubrium at the sternal angle (also called the angle of Louis), which is also the location of the second rib. |
| Xiphoid process | An important landmark for cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR), the xiphoid process provides an attachment point for some abdominal muscles |
| How many pairs of ribs attach to the vertebral column | 12 |
| Ribs 1 to 7 are called | True ribs |
| Ribs 8-10 are called | False ribs |
| Ribs 11 and 12 are called | Floating ribs |
| The lower edges of the Thoracic cage are called | Costal margins |
| The ribs protect | Spleen, Liver, and a portion of the kidneys. |
| Clavicle | Collarbone |
| Scapula | Shoulder blade |
| Most commonly broken bone in the body | Clavicle |
| Acromion process | This extension of the scapula articulates with the clavicle; it is the only point where the arm and the scapula attach to the rest of the skeleton |
| Coracoid process | This finger- like process provides a point of attachment for some of the muscles of the arm |
| Glenoid cavity | This shallow socket articulates with the head of the humerus (upper arm bone) |
| Upper limb consists of | Humerus (upper arm bone), the radius and the ulna (the bones of the lower arm), and the carpals (the bones of the hand) |
| The humerus is the long bone of the upper arm it contains these features | Head Olecranon fossa Olecranon process |
| Head | The enlarged end of this bone is covered with articular cartilage; it articulates with the glenoid cavity of the capula. |
| Olecranon fossa | This is a depression on the posterior side of the humerus |
| Olecranon process | This is the bony point of the elbow; it slides in the olecranon fossa when the arm is extended. |
| The bony bumps that can be felt at the wrist | Styloid processes of the radius and ulna |
| Proimal head | Of the radius is a distinctive disc that rotates on the humerus when the palm is turned forward and back |
| Radial tuberosity | Where the biceps muscle attaches to the bone. |
| Ulna | Bone of the lower arm; it is longer than the radius |
| The hand consists of what | Wrist, palm, and fingers |
| The fingers are formed by bones called | Phalanges |
| 5 metacarpal bones | form the palm of the hand |
| 8 carpal bones | arranged in 2 rows of 4 bones- form the wrist. |
| A large, flaring section you can feel under the skin | Ilium |
| The lower posterior portion | Ischium |
| The most anterior portion that joins with the other pubis at the symphysis pubis, a disc of cartilage that separates the two pubic bones | Pubis |
| The upper, outer edge of the ilium | Iliac crest |
| A depression that houses the head of the femur to form the "hip socket" | Acetabulum |
| Projection into the pelvic cavity | Ischial spine |
| Supports your body when you're sitting | Ischial tuberosity |
| Each of the 2 larger bones of the hip is called | Os coxae |
| The combination of the Os coxae and the sacrum is known as the | Pelvis |
| Lower limbs consist of | Femur (thigh bone), patella (knee cap), tibia, fibula (bones of the lower leg), and foot. |
| Longest and strongest bone in the body | Femur |
| Widest points of the femur at the knee | Medial and lateral epicondyle |
| Known as the knee cap | Patella |
| What forms toes | Phalanges |
| The great toe (big toe) is called what | Hallux |
| Bones that form the middle portion of the foot | Metatarsals |
| Second largest tarsal bone is the | Talus |
| The largest tarsal bone is | Calcaneus |
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kayley911
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