vocabulary
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| ACIDS: | A substance that releases Hydrogen ions when in a solution; a proton donor
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| ACTIVATION ENERGY: | The amount of energy required to push a reactant to the level necessary for action
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| ACTIVE SITES: | Region on the surface of a functional (globular) protein where it binds & interacts chemically with other molecules of complementary shape & charge
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| ADENINE (A): | One of the two major purines found in both RNA & DNA; also found in various free nucleotides of importance to the body, such as ATP
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| ADENOSINE TRIPHOSPHATE (ATP): | Organic molecule that stores & releases chemical energy for use in body cells
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| ALPHA ( ) – HELIX-DOUBLE HELIX: | The most common type of secondary structure of the amino acid chain in proteins; resembles the coils of a telephone cord. Assumed by two strands of DNA, held throughout their length by Hydrogen bonds between bases on opposite strands
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| AMINE: | Any one of a group of nitrogen-containing organic compounds that are formed when one or more of the hydrogens of ammonia have been replaced by one or more hydrocarbon radicals
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| ACIDS: | A substance that releases Hydrogen ions when in a solution; a proton donor
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| ACTIVATION ENERGY: | The amount of energy required to push a reactant to the level necessary for action
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| ACTIVE SITES: | Region on the surface of a functional (globular) protein where it binds & interacts chemically with other molecules of complementary shape & charge
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| ADENINE (A): | One of the two major purines found in both RNA & DNA; also found in various free nucleotides of importance to the body, such as ATP
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| ADENOSINE TRIPHOSPHATE (ATP): | Organic molecule that stores & releases chemical energy for use in body cells
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| ALPHA ( ) – HELIX-DOUBLE HELIX: | The most common type of secondary structure of the amino acid chain in proteins; resembles the coils of a telephone cord. Assumed by two strands of DNA, held throughout their length by Hydrogen bonds between bases on opposite strands
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| AMINE: | Any one of a group of nitrogen-containing organic compounds that are formed when one or more of the hydrogens of ammonia have been replaced by one or more hydrocarbon radicals
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| AMINO ACID: | Organic compound containing nitrogen, carbon, hydrogen & oxygen; building block of protein
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| AMMONIA (NH3): | Common waste product of protein breakdown in the body; a colorless volatile gas, very soluble in water & capable of forming a weak base; a proton acceptor
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| ANABOLIC: | Synthesis reactions, the basis of constructive activities in body cells
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| ANIONS: | An ion carrying one or more negative charges & therefore attracted to a positive pole
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| ATOMS: | Smallest particle of an elemental substance that exhibits the properties of that element, (Protons, electrons & neutrons).
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| ATOMIC WEIGHT: | Average of the relative weights (mass numbers) of all the isotopes of an element
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| AVOGADRO’S NUMBER: | Number of molecules in one mole of any substance, 6.02 x 10 23.
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| BASE: | A substance capable of binding with Hydrogen ions; a proton acceptor
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| BETA ( ) – PLEATED: | A secondary structure, linked side by side by hydrogen bonds to form a pleated ribbonlike strand
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| BICARBONATE ION: (HCO3-): | An important base in the body
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| BIOCHEMISTRY: | Study of chemical composition & reactions of living matter
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| CARBOHYDRATES: | Organic compound composed of carbon, hydrogen & oxygen; includes starches, sugars, & cellose
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| CARBONIC ACID-BICARBONATE SYSTEM: | Chemical blood buffer
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| CATABOLIC: | Degradative processes that occur in body cells
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| CATION: | An ion with a positive charge
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| CATALYSTS: | Substance that increases the rate of a chemical reaction without itself becoming chemically changed or part of the product
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| CHEMICAL BONDS: | An energy relationship holding atoms together; involves interaction of electrons
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| CHEMICAL ENERGY: | Energy stored in the bond of chemical substances
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| CHEMICAL EQUATIONS: | Chemical reactions written down in symbolic form H + H = H2
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| CHEMICAL EQUILIBRIUM: | A state of apparent repose created by tow reactions proceeding in opposite directions at equal speeds
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| CHEMICAL REACTION: | Process in which molecules are formed, changed or broken down
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| COLLOIDS: | A mixture in which the solute particles (usually proteins) do not settle out readily. Colloid in the thyroid gland contains thyroglobulin protein.
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| COMBINATION OR SYNTHESIS REACTION: | A chemical reaction in which larger more complex atoms or molecules are formed from simpler ones. A + B = AB
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| COMPLEMENTARY BASE: | Refers to the ability of a nitrogenous base of DNA or RNA to bond to another nitrogenous base. For example, (A) adenine is the complementary base of thymine (T). The result is base pairing.
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| COMPOUND: | Substance composed of two or more different elements, the atoms of which are chemically united
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| COVALENT BONDS: | Chemical bond created by electron sharing between atoms
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| CRYSTALS: | Large arrays of cations & anions held together by ionic bonds. A highly ordered 3-D lattice; formed when an element or compound solidifies or is in a dry state
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| CYTOSINE (C ) : | Nitrogen- containing base that is part of a nucleotide structure
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| DECOMPOSITION REACTION: | Chemical reaction in which a molecule is broken down into smaller molecules or constituent atoms. AB= A+B
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| DEHYDRATION SYNTHESIS: | Process by which a large molecule is synthesized by removing water & covalently bonding smaller molecules together. Two things come together with a byproduct of water.
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| DEOXYRIBONUCLEIC ACID (DNA): | A nucleic acid found in all living cells; it carries the organism’s hereditary information
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| DENATURED: | When proteins unfold & lose their specific 3-dimensional shape because pH has dropped or temperature rises above normal & H bonds begin to break
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| DIPOLE: | (Polar molecule) Nonsymmetrical molecules that contain electrically unbalanced molecules
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| DISACCHARIDE: | Literally, a double sugar,; e.g., sucrose, lactose
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| EICOSANOIDS: | Diverse lipids derived from a 20-C fatty acid (arachidonic acid) found in all cell membranes
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| ELECTRICAL ENERGY: | Energy formed by the movement of charged particles across cell membranes
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| ELECTROLYTES: | Chemical substances such as salts, acids & bases, that ionize & dissociate in water & are capable of conducting an electrical current
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| ELECTRONEUTRAL: | The Carbon never loses or gains electrons
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| ELECTRONS: | Negative charged subatomic particle, orbits the atoms nucleus
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| ELECTRONEGATIVITY: | Atoms with 6 or 7 valence shell electrons are electron hungry & attract electrons very strongly
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| ELECTRON SHELLS: | Regions of space that consecutively surround the nucleus of an atom (energy levels)
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| ELECTROPOSITIVE: | Atoms with one or two valence shell electrons with a low electron-attracting ability & they usually lose their valence shell electrons
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| ELEMENTS: | One of a limited number of unique varieties of matter that composes substances of all kinds e.g., Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen
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| ENDERGONIC REACTION: | Chemical reaction that absorbs energy, e.g., an anabolic reaction
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| ENERGY: | The capacity to do work; may be stored (potential energy) or in action (Kinetic energy).
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| ENZYMES: | A protein that acts as a biological catalyst to speed up a chemical reaction
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| EXCHANGE OR DISPLACEMENT REACTION: | Chemical reaction in which bonds are both made & broken; atoms become combined with different atoms AB +C= AC+B and AB + CD = AD + CB
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| EXERGONIC REACTION: | Chemical reactions that give off energy e.g., a catabolic or oxidative reaction
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| FATTY ACIDS: | Linear chains of carbon & hydrogen atoms (hydrocarbon chains) with an organic acid group at one end. A constituent of fat
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| FIBROUS PROTEINS (STRUCTURAL PROTEINS): | Chief building materials of the body
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| GLOBULAR PROTEINS (FUNCTIONAL PROTEINS): | Compact , spherical proteins
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| GLYCEROL: | A modified simple sugar ( a sugar alcohol); a building block of fats
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| GUANINE (G): | One of two major purines occurring in nucleic acids
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| HOLOENZYME: | Functional enzyme made up of two parts. An apoenzyme ( the protein portion) and a cofactor called a coenzyme.
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| HYDRATION LAYER: | Layers of water molecules
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| HYDROGEN BONDS: | Created by changes in charge, weakest bonds in the body. Small charges due to unequal sharing of electrons in polar covalent bonds. Nearby hydrogen atoms attract and form weak bond.(H atom covalently bonded to a small, electro(-) atom N,O,F – H – N,O,F.
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| HYDROLYSIS REACTIONS: | Process in which water is used to split a substance into smaller particles
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| HYDROPHOBIC: | Water fearing
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| HYDROPHILIC: | Water loving
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| HYDROXYL IONS: | (OH-) An ion liberated when a hydroxide ( a common inorganic base) is dissolved in water
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| IONIC BOND: | Chemical bond formed by electron transfer between atoms. (Salts) Attraction of opposite ions
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| IONS: | Atom with a positive or negative electrical charge
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| INORGANIC COMPOUNDS: | Chemical substances that do not contain carbon, including water, salts, & many acids & bases
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| ISOMERS: | One of two or more substances that has the same molecular formula but with its atoms arranged differently
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| ISOTOPES: | Different atomic forms of the same element, vary only in the number of neutrons they contain, the heavier species tend to be radioactive
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| KINETIC ENERGY: | The energy of motion or movement, e.g., the constant movement of atoms, or the push given to a swinging door that sets it into motion.
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| LIPID: | Organic compound formed of carbon, hydrogen & oxygen; examples are fats & cholesterol
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| MACROMOLECULES: | Large complex molecules containing from 100 to 10,000 amino acids
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| MASS NUMBER: | Sum of the masses of an atoms protons & neutrons
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| MATTER: | Anything that occupies space & has mass
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| MECHANICAL ENERGY: | The energy directly involved in moving matter, e.g., in bicycle riding, the legs provide the mechanical energy moves the pedals
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| MIXTURES: | Substances composed of two or more components physically intermixed
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| MOLARITY: | A way to express the concentration of a solution; moles per liter of solution
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| MOLE: | A mole of any element or compound is equal to its atomic weight or its molecular weight (sum of atomic weights) measured in grams
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| MOLECULE: | Particle consisting of two or more atoms joined together by chemical bonds
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| MOLECULAR FORMULA: | e.g., (H2), (CH4)
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| MOLECULAR CHAPERONES OR CHAPERONINS: | Unrelated globular proteins that help proteins to achieve their functional 3-dimensional structure
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| MONOSACCHARIDES: | Literally, one sugar, building block of carbohydrates; e.g., glucose
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| NEUTRAL FATS: | Consist of fatty acid chains & glycerol; also called triglycerides or triglycerols. Commonly known as oils when liquid
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| NEUTRALIZAION REACTION: | Displacement reaction in which mixing an acid & a base forms water & salt
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| NEUTRON: | Uncharged subatomic particle, found in the atomic nucleus
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| NONPOLAR MOLECULES: | Electrically balanced molecules
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| NUCLEUS: | Control center of a cell; contains genetic material
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| NUCLEIC ACID: | Class of organic molecules that includes DNA & RNA
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| NUCLEOTIDE: | Building block of nucleic acids; consists of a sugar, a nitrogen-containing base & a phosphate group
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| OCTET RULE OR RULE OF EIGHTS: | The tendency of atoms to interact in such a way that they have eight electrons in their valence shell
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| ORBITALS: | Regions around the nucleus in which a given electron or electron pair is likely to be found most of the time
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| ORBITAL MODEL: | Modern model of atomic structure
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| ORGANIC COMPOUNDS: | Contain carbon; Any compound composed of atoms (some of which are carbon) held together by covalent bonds
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| OXIDATION-REDUCTION REACTION: | (Redox) A reaction that couples the oxidation ( loss of electrons) of one substance with the reduction (gain of electrons) of another substance
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| OXIDIZED: | Reactant losing electrons is referred to as the electron donor
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| PEPTIDE BOND: | Bond joining the amine group of one amino acid to the acid carboxyl group of a second amino acid with the loss of a water molecule
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| PHOSPHOLIPIDS: | Modified lipid, contains phosphorus
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| pH UNIT: | The measure of the relative acidity or alkalinity of a solution
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| PLANETARY MODEL: | Outdated model of atomic structure
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| POLAR COVALENT BONDS: | A covalent bond in which there is unequal sharing of electrons between two atoms
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| POLAR MOLECULES: | Nonsymmetrical molecules that contain electrically unbalanced molecules
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| POLYMERS: | A substance of high molecular weight with long, chainlike molecules consisting of many similar (repeated) units
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| POLYSACCHARIDES: | Long chains of simple sugars linked together by dehydration synthesis. Literally, many sugars; a polymer of linked monosaccharides; e.g., starch, glycogen
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| POTENTIAL ENERGY: | Stored or inactive energy
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| PRODUCTS: | Chemicals combined
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| PROTEIN: | Complex substance containing carbon, oxygen, hydrogen & nitrogen; composes 10-30% of cell mass
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| PROTON: | Subatomic particle that bears a positive charge, located in the atomic nucleus
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| PROTON ACCEPTOR: | A substance that takes up Hydrogen ions in detectable amount, and acid
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| QUATERNARY STRUCTURE: | When two or mor polypeptide chains aggregate in a regular manner to form a complex protein. Hemoglobin
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| RADIOISOTOPES: | Isotope that exhibits radioactive behavior
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| RADIANT OR ELECTROMAGNETIC ENERGY: | Energy that travels in waves
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| REACTANTS: | A substance taking part in a chemical reaction
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| REDUCED: | Reactant taking up the transferred electrons & is called the electron acceptor
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| RIBONUCLEIC ACID (RNA): | Nucleic acid that contains ribose & the bases A,G,C & U. Carries out DNA’s instructions for protein synthesis
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| SALT: | An ionic compound containing cations other than H+ & anions other than the hydroxyl ion (OH-).
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| SATURATED: | Fatty acid chains with only single covalent bonds between carbon atoms
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| SOL-GEL TRANSFORMATIONS: | Reversible change of a colloid from a fluid(sol) to a more solid(gel) state
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| SOLUTES: | Substance present in smaller amounts
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| SOLUTIONS: | Homogeneous mixtures of components that may be gases, liquids or solids
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| SOLVENT: | Substance present in the greatest amount
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| SUBSTRATE: | A reactant on which an enzyme acts to cause a chemical action to proceed
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| STEROIDS: | Group of chemical substances including certain hormones & cholesterol; they are fat soluble & contain little oxygen
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| STRONG ACIDS: | Acids that dissociate completely & irreversibly in water
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| STRONG BASE: | They dissociate easily in water & quickly tie up H+ (Protons).
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| SUSPENSIONS: | Heterogeneous mixtures with large, often visible solutes that tend to settle out
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| TERTIARY STRUCTURE: | Protein structure is a higher level of complexity than the secondary structure on which it is superimposed
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| THYMINE ( T) : | Single-ring base ( a pyrimidine) in DNA
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| TRANS FATS: | Oils that have been solidified by addition of hydrogen atoms at sites of double carbon bonds
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| TRIGLYCERIDES: | Fats & oils composed of fatty acids & glycerol; are the body’s most concentrated source of energy fuel; also known as neutral fats
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| UNIVERSAL SOLVENT: | Water
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| UNSATURATED: | Fatty acids that contain one or more double bonds between carbon atoms
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| URACIL ( U ): | A smaller, single-ring base (a pyrimidine) found in RNA
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| VALENCE SHELL: | Outermost electron shell (energy level) of an atom that contains electrons
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| WEAK BASE: | Acids that don’t dissociate completely, like carbonic acid (H2CO3) & acetic acid (HAc). Ionizes incompletely & reversibly
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