Final test
Quiz yourself by thinking what should be in
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| FSH | promotes growth or ovarian follicles and production of estrogen
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| LH | triggers ovulation, converts the ruptured follicle into a corpus luteum and causes it to produce progesterone and estrogen, maintains the hormonal production of the corpus luteum
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| Estrogen and Progesterone | inhibit follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) released by the anterior pituitary
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| Estrogen | stimulates luteninzing hormone (LH) release by the anterior pituitary
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| Excess fluid is kept from accumulating in tissue spaces by | the lymphatic system
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| The structure of a lymphatic vessel is most similar to that of a(an) | vein
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| The two collecting ducts that drain the lymphatic trunks are |
the thoracic duct and right lymphatic duct
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| The formation of lymph increases as a result of | increasing osmotic pressure in tissue fluid
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| The movement of lymph through lymphatic vessels is caused largely by | muscular activity
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| The structures that allow fluids to flow INTO a lymph node are the | afferent vessels
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| The major reason that lymph fluid must be returned to the circulatory system is to ensure a proper | blood volume
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| Cells in a lymph node that engulf and destroy damaged cells, foreign substances, and cellular debris are | macrophages
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| The lymphatic vessels flow one-way in which lymph flows only towards the | heart
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| Which of the following would NOT be considered to be a lymphatic structure? | pancreas
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| The lymphatic system will return approximately ___ back to the bloodstream in a 24-hour period |
3 liters
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| The cells that are primarily responsible for immunity are | lymphocytes and macrophages
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| T lymphocytes are responsible for | the cellular immune response
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| Which of the following is NOT one of the four major sets of tonsils? | nasal
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| the thymus is most active during | childhood
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| A normal immune response requires | both T and B cells
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| Which lymphatic capillaries transport absorbed fat from the small intestine to the bloodstream? | lacteal
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| Lymph leaves a lymph node via the | efferent vessels
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| which of the following would NOT be a major site of lymph nodes? | appendix region
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| lymph capillaries are absent in all of the following EXCEPT for the | digestive organs
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| which of the following is the LARGEST lymphoid organ | spleen
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| the first lymphoid organ to appear in embryonic development is the | thymus
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| In the human body, there are five major lymphatic trunks. They include the lumbar, bronchomediastinal, subclavian, jugular, and the ___ trunks | intestinal
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| Lymphocytes, the main warriors of the immune system, arise in | red bone marrow
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| The principal lymphoid organs in the human body is/are the | lymph noded
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| Except for the thymus, all lymph organs are composed o | reticular connective tissue
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| which of the following would NOT be a function of the human spleen? | production of T and B cells
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| the thymus is in the mediastinum behind the sternum and above the heart | true
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| they thymus may destroy older red blood cells | false
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| during the primary immune response, B cells give rise to plasma cells | true
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| The order of increasing size in the lymphatic system is the collecting vessels, the trunks and then the ducts. | true
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| The larger of the ducts in the lymphatic system is the right lymphatic duct | false
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| leaked proteins are also returned to the blood by the lymphatic system | true
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| Lymph nodes have more vessels entering them than leaving them; this allows for more efficient filtration by the node | true
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| The largest and most infected tonsils are the lingual tonsils | false
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| The thymus is the only lymphoid organ that does not directly fight antigens | true
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| All of the lymphoid tissues/organs are well-developed prior to birth in the human body. | false
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| cancer-filler lymph nodes are both swollen and painful | false
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| The ___ are the simplest lymphoid organs and are found at the entrance to the pharynx. | tonsils
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| Disease-causing agents such as viruses and bacteria are called _________________. | pathogens
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| The foreign or "nonself" proteins that trigger immune responses are called ____________________. | antigens
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| The lymphatic system lacks an organ that acts as a ____ to help move lymph. | pump
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| The major functions of the lymph nodes includes the immune system activation and _____. | filtration
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| During the primary immune response, B cells give rise to _____________. | plasma cells
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| If the spleen is removed from the body, the ___ and ___ ____ will take over most of its functions. | liver, bone, marrow
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| Peyer’s patches can be found in the folds of the ___ ___ and are structurally similar to the tonsils. | small intestine
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| In children younger than ___ years of age, the spleen will regenerate if a small part of it is left in the body. | 12
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| The appendix is found on the first part of the ___ ___ and helps to destroy bacteria. | large intestine
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| Except for the thymus, all lymphoid organs from the ___ germ layer. | mesoderm
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| Which of the following is NOT a type of T cell in the human immune system? | antigenic
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| The process whereby neutropils and other white blood cells are attracted to an inflammatory site is called ___. | chemo-taxis
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| Which of the following is the correct sequence of events in phagocytosis? | leukocytosis, margination, diapedesis, chemotaxis
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| Which of the following cells predominate at the site of a chronic infection? | macro-phage
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| Benefits of the inflammatory response in the human body include all of the following EXCEPT that | builds antibodies for future defense
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| Which of the following T cells is designed for killing virus-infected body cells and cancers cells and is also involved with tissue graft rejection? | cytotoxic
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| The type of graft that involves using another animal species is called a(n) | xenograft
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| Which of the following T cells is responsible for the immune response and without it there would be no immune response? | helper T
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| Interferon is a group of proteins that cells produce in response to | viruses
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| Which of the following statements about fever is NOT true? | It is always damaging to body tissues
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| Which of the following would NOT be included in the body’s first line of defense? | vaccination
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| The cells that are primarily responsible for immunity are | lymphocytes and macrophages.
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| During embryonic development, the ___ and ___ are primarily responsible for the stem cells of the immune system. | liver/spleen
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| The chemical messengers of the immune system are the | cytokines
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| The body’s second line of defense includes all of the following EXCEPT for | mucin
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| Haptens would be found in all of the following EXCEPT for | bacteria
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| The most abundant type of immunoglobulin is | IgG
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| A newborn infant may have some defense against digestive and respiratory disturbances because of IgA obtained from its mother's | milk
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| The type of resistance that is a response to contracting an infectious disease is | naturally acquired active immunity
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| As a result of an allergen-antibody(allergic) reaction | mast cells release histamine
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| In an autoimmune disease, the immune response is directed toward | cells of the body ("self").
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| During later human development and then into adult life, the ___ will be responsible for the stem cells of the immune system. | bone marrow
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| The type of graft/transplant that comes from the same individual is a(n) | autograft
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| Responses of the adaptive defense system react much faster than the innate defense system. | false
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| The acidity of the skin, vaginal, and stomach secretions inhibits bacterial growth. | true
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| Allografts, along with being the most common, are also among the most successful of grafts. | false
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| Natural killer cells are not phagocytic; they cause a target cell to undergo apoptosis. | true
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| antibodies themselves cannot destroy pathogens | true
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| In active immunity, a person becomes immune to a pathogen as a result of having a disease. | true
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| Antibodies are found not only in the blood but also in the tissues of the body. | false
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| As a result of the allergen-antibody reaction, mast cells release histamine. | true
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| Some components of acne and sweat are actually toxic to some bacteria. | true
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| The farther one gets genetically away from itself, the more successful a graft will be. | false
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| Anaphylactic shock is treated with the chemical known as ______. | epinephrine
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| Disease-causing agents such as viruses and bacteria are called _________________. | pathogens
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| The foreign or "nonself" proteins that trigger immune responses are called ____________________. | antigens
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| The defenses that everybody has and are born with are called the ____ defense system. | innate
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| ___ result when the immune system damages tissue as it fights off a perceived threat that is usually harmless to the body. | hypersensitivities
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| An ___ is an antigen that causes an allergic reaction. | allergen
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| The type of immunity that resuls from the actions of substances like T cells is known as ___ immunity. | cellular
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| Following a primary immune response, the B cells and T cells that remain dormant but are able to respond to antigens encountered in the future are called _________. | memory cells
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| A substance that can stimulate a primary immune response but is unable to produce the symptoms of a disease is a(an) _________; it provides artifically aquired active immunity. | vaccine
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| Those defenses that one develops over their lifetime are called the ___ defense system. | adaptive
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| The type of immunity that results from such things as antibodies in the plasma is known as ___ immunity. | humoral
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| The type of graft/transplant from an identical twin is known as a(n) ___. | isograft
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| The most common type of an immediate hypersensitivity is a(n) ___. | allergy
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| 50% of all transplants may show rejection for up to ___ years after the transplant. | 10
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| The type of T cell that is important for preventing autoimmune reactions are the ___ T cells. | regulatory
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| on B cell surface; acts as antigen receptor | IgD
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| active during allergic attacks or chronic parasitic infections | IgE
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| stops pathogens from entering body; in saliva, sweat, intestinal juice | IgA
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| first antibody released during primary response | IgM
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| crosses placenta; protects against bacteria, viruses, toxins in blood/lymph | IgG
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| lymphocytes multiply and form memory cells | proliferation/differentiation
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| occurs when lymphocyte meets its antigen | encounter/activation
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| development of lymphocytes in the thymus | maturation
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| spreading of lymphocytes throughout lymphatic | seeding
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| stem cells form in bone marrow | origin
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| The human respiratory is involved in all of the following functions EXCEPT for | body temperature regulation
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| The vocal cords are located within the | larynx
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| Which of the following functions does the human nose NOT provide? | space for air reserve
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| The accessory structures that aid in moistening and warming air as well as making the skull lighter are the | sinuses
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| The pharynx region that serves as an airway and helps to equalize middle ear pressure is the | nasopharynx
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| The pharynx region that serves as both a passageway for both food and air from the mouth to the epiglottis is the | oropharynx
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| The pharynx region that serves as both a passageway for both food and air but extends to the larnyx is the | laryngopharynx
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| The condition of newborns called infant respiratory distress syndrome is caused by | lack of surfactant
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| Which of the following is NOT true of the human larynx? | continuous with the esophagus
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| The typical number of orders of branches in the human bronchial tree is | 23
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| Which of the following is the correct order of how the human bronchial tree branches? | trachea, bronchi, lobar bronchi, segmental bronchi, bronchioles, terminal bronchioles
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| The actual site of gas exchange between incoming air and the blood occurs at the | alveoli
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| Which of the following lung pressures must remain negative to prevent lung collapse? | intrapleural
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| Complete the following statement using the choices below. Air moves out of the lungs when the pressure inside the lungs is | grater than the pressure in the atmosphere
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| There are different respiratory stimuli for breathing. Which is the most important? | carbon dioxide concentration
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| Respiratory control centers are located in the | pons and medulla
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| How is the bulk of carbon dioxide carried in blood? | bicarbonate ion in plasma
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| A premature baby usually has difficulty breathing, However, the respiratory system is developed enough fro survival by | 28 weeks
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| Which of the following is responsible for stopping inhalation and allowing exhalation? | Hering-Breuer Reflex
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| From the following list of respiratory structures, which is most likely to develop FIRST? | nose
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| The human trachea is composed of three different layers of tissue. | true
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| The glottis is the opening between the vocal cords. | true
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| The left lung is larger than the right lung. | false
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| The left lung has only two lobes. | true
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| Even though the human vocal cords are typically associated with sound production, they may also act as a sphincter to prevent air passage. | true
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| The human larynx is composed of 11 different cartilages. | false
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| All lung tissue is provided oxygenated blood by the bronchial arteries. | false
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| Inspiration is usually a passive process while exhalation is generally an active process. | false
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| Venous blood contains more saturated hemoglobin than arterial blood does. | false
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| Respiratory irritant reflexes will constrict air passages and may cause coughs and sneezes. | true
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| The human respiratory system will always have air in it even though one may think that all air has been expired. | true
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| __________ is a substance secreted by cells in the lungs that reduces surface tension. | surfactant
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| The layer of serous membrane that is firmly attached to the surface of a lung is called visceral ________. | pleura
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| The floor of the nasal cavity are composed of the ___ and ___ . | hard; soft palates
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| A voluntary increase in the rate and depth of breathing is called __________. | hyperventilation
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| Ordinary air is about ____ % oxygen. | 21
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| Within a mixture of gases, the pressure created by each gas is called its ________ pressure. | partial
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| The two bones that make up the roof of the nasal cavity are the ___ and ___. | ethmoid; sphenoid
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| All of the cartilage in the human larynx is made up of ___ cartilage except for the ___ which is ___ cartilage. | hyaline; epiglotties; elastic
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| The movement that helps to empty the rectum and to stabilize the trunk during heaving lifting is known as _____ _____. (2 words) | Valsalva's maneuver
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| A set of typical human lungs will have nearly ___ alveoli. | 300 million
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| The two major components of the human lungs are structures known as ___ and ___. | alveoli; stroma
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| While a person is at rest, normally about ___ of air moves through the respiratory system during one minute while under excercise one may use ___ of air. | 6 liters; 200 liters
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| About 98% of oxygen is carried by RBC’s _____ while the remaining approximately 2% is carried by the blood’s ___. | hemoglobin; plasma
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| The ___ is the breathing rhythm center that sets the normal breathing rates and rhythm. | VRG
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| The ___ ___ encourages carbon dioxide exchange in tissues and lungs of the body. | Haldane effect
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| amount of air forceably exhaled after a normal breath | expiratory volume
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| maximum amount of air that can be forceably inhaled after a normal breath in | inspiratory capacity
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| maximum amount of air that can be inhaled after a normal breath out | inspiratory volume
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| maximum amount of air in lungs | total lung capacity
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| air inhaled or exhaled normally while resting | tidal volume
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| maximum amount of air exhaled after maximum inhalation | vital capacity
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| air remaining in lungs after a forced exhalattion | residual volume
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| air remaining in lungs after a normal exhalation | functional residual capacity
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| lung collapse; due to wound, alveoli collapse, plugged bronchioles | atelectasis
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| excessive breathing that removes too much carbon dioxide from body | hyperventilation
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| dizziness, headaches, nausea due to quick change of atmospheric pressure | acute mountain sickness
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| inadequate oxygen delivery to cells; may lead to cyanosis | hypoxia
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| breathing cessation; common during sleep | apnea
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| respiratory failure; usually accompanied by acidosis, hypoxemia | hypoventilation
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| when human skin tone/color may become blue due to lack of oxygen | cyanosis
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| inflammation of nasal membranes; may lead to sinus headache | rhinitis
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| “air hunger”; any time that breathing is labored | dypsnea
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| irreversible decrease in ability to force air out of lungs | COPD
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| What are the four cardinal signs of acute inflammation, which could lead to the firth? | Heat, Swelling, redness, pain, impaired function
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| the digestive system | mechanically and chemically breaks down food for nutrient absorption
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| the alimentary canal extends, in its entirety form | the mouth an anus
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