AP Euro Exam
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| Revival of Antiquity | The awakening from the dark ages and the focusing on the Roman's
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| Friar Girolamo Savonarola | Dominican friar who attacked Paganism and moral vice of Medici and Alexander VI. Was burned at the stake in Florence
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| Secularism | the belief in material things instead of religious things.
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| lorenzo Valla | Father of modern historical criticism
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| Vernacular | Everyday language of a specific nation
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| Virtu | The striving for excellence. Humanistic aspect of the Renaissance
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| Act of Supremacy | Declared the king the head of the Church of England
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| Anglicanism | Upholding to the teachings of the Church of England as defined by Elizabeth I
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| John Calvin | theological writings profoundly influenced religious thoughts of Europeans. Developed Calvinism at Geneva. Predetermination.
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| Consubtantiation | the bread and wine undergo a spiritual change
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| Council of Trent | Called by Pope Paul III to reform the church and secure reconciliation with the Protestants. Lutherans and Calvinists did not attend.
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| Thomas Cranmer | Prepared the First Book of Common Prayer
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| Diet of Worms | assembly of the estates of the empire, called by Holy Roman Emperor Charles V
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| Edict of Nantes | Granted the Huguenots liberty of conscience and worship. 1598
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| Excommunication | When a person is kicked out of the Catholic Church
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| Huguenots | French Calvinists
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| John Huss | Bohemian religious reformer whose efforts to reform the church eventually fueled the Protestant Reformation
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| Ignatius Loyola | Founded the Society of Jesus, resisted the spread of Protestantism
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| Indulgences | Selling of these was common practice by the Catholic Church, corruption that led to reformation
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| The Institutes of Christian Religion | John Calvin
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| Jesuits | Members of the Society of Jesus, staunch Catholics, led by Loyola
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| John Knox | Dominated the movement for reform in Scotland. Had been taught by Calvin in Switzerland
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| Martin Luther | 95 theses, posted in 1517, led to religious reform in Germany, denied papal power and absolutist rule, Claimed there were only two sacraments: communion and baptism
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| Simony | the selling of Church offices
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| Ususry | The practice of lending money for interest
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| Theocracy | A community in which the state is subordinate to the church
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| Predestination | Calvin's religious theory that God has already planned out a person's life
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| Johann Tetzel | The leading seller of Indulgences
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| Thomas Wolsey | Cardinal, highest ranking church official and lord chancellor. Dismissed by Henry VIII for not getting the pope to annul his marriage to Catherine of Aragon.
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| John Wycliffe | Forerunner to the Reformation. Created English Lollardy. Attacked the corruption of the clergy, and questioned the power of the pope.
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| Ulrich Zwingli | Swiss reformer, influenced by Christian Humanism. He looked to the state to supervise the church. Banned music and relics form services. Killed in a civil war.
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| Baroque | Style in art and architecture developed in Europe from about 1550 to 1700, emphasizing dramatic, curving forms, elaborate ornamentation, and overall balance of disparate parts. Associated with Catholicism.
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| Defenestration of Prague | The throwing of Catholic officials from a castle window in Bohemia. Started 30 years war.
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| Peace of Westphalia | Treaty the ended 30 Years War and readjusted the political and religious affairs of Europe.
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| St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre | Mass slaying Huguenots in Paris, 1572
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| War of the Three Henrys | French civil war because the Holy League vowed to bar Henri of Navarre from inheriting the French throne. Supported by the Holy League and Philip II of Spain, Henri of Guise battles Henri III of Valois and Henri of Navarre.
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| John Cabot | Italian-born navigator explored the coast of New England, Nova Scotia, and Newfoundland. Gave England a claim in North America
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| Pedro Cabral | Claimed Brazil for Portugal
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| Entrepot | Big commercial center for importing and exporting commdities
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| Conquistadors | Spanish conqueror of soldier in the New World
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| Bartholomew Diaz | Portuguese, first European to reach southern tip of Africa
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| Sir Francis Drake | English sea captain, robbed Spanish treasure ships, armada
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| King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella | Monarchs who united Spain, reconquista
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| Encomienda | Indians were required to work a certain number of days for a land owner, had to work their own land as well
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| Vasco de Gama | Sailed from Portugal to India
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| Prince Henry the Navigator | Prince of Portugal who established an observatory and school of navigation at Sagres and directed voyages that spurred the growth of Portugal's colonial empire
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| Magellan | Portuguese navigator. While trying to find a western route to Asia, he was killed in the Philippines. One of his ships returned to Spain, thereby completing the first circumnavigation of the globe
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| Sir Walter Raleigh | English courtier, navigator colonizer, writer. Favorite of Elizabeth I, was convicted of treason by Jammes I
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| Treaty of Tordesillas | Set the Line of Demarcation which was a boundry established in 1493 to define Spanish and Portuguese possesions in America
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| Giovanni de Verrazano | Italian explorer of the Atlanitc coast of North America
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| Absolutism | When soverignty is embodied in the person of the ruler
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| Sovereignty | Possessing a monopoly over the instruments of justice.
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| Totalitarianism | Twentieth century phenomeno that seeks to direct all facets of a state's culture in the interest of state
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| Cardinal Richelieu | Became President of of the Council of ministers and the first minister of the first French crown.
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| Louis XIII | Influenced by Richelieu to exult the French monarchy as the embodiemnt of the French state
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| Fronde | 1648-53. Brutal civil wars that struck France during the reign of Louis XIII
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| Jules Mazarin | Became a cardinal in 1641 succeeded Richelieu and dominated the power in Frecnh government
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| Su King | Louis XIV had the longest reign in European history. Helped France to reach its peak of absolutist developement
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| Louis XIV | King of France who ruled as an absolute monarch, even as a child
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| Jean-Baptise Colbert | An advisor to Louis XIV and proved to be a financial genius who managed the entire royal administration.
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| Mercantilism | the philosophy that a state's strength depends on its wealth.
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| French classicism | Art literature and advcnements during the age of Louis XIV
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| Nicholas Poussin | French classical painter who painted the Rape of Sabine Women known as the greatest French painter of the 17th century
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| William of Orange | Dutch prince invited to be king of England after the Glorious Revolution. Joined League of Augsburg as a foe of Louis XIV.
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| Louis Pontachartrain | French controller of finance who imposed the capitation of an annual poll tax
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| Peace of Utrecht | Ended Louis XIV's attempts to gain military power and land. End of French expansionist policy. End of Spanish war of Succession.
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| Constitutionalism | Limitation of government by law, developed in times of absolutionism
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| Leviathan | Written by English philosopher Thomas Hobbes, maintained that sovereignty is ultimately derived from the people, who transfer it to the monarchy by implicit contract
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| William Laude | Archbishop of Canterbury, tried to impose elaborate ritual and rich ceremonies on all churches. insisted on complete uniformity of the church and enforced it through the Court of High Comission.
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| Oliver Cromwell | As Lord Protector of England he used his army to control the government and constituted military dictatorship
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| The Restoration | Restored English monarchy to Charles II, both Houses of Parliament were restored, established Anglican church, courts of law and local government.
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| John Locke | Believed that people were born like blank slates and the environment shapes development (tabula rasa)
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| Thomas Hobbes | Leading secular exponent of absolutism and unlimited sovereignty of the state. Absolutism produced civil peace and rule of law. Tyranny is better that chaos. Claimed life was "solitary, poor, nasty, brutish and short."
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| Bill of Rights | 1689, no law can be suspended by the king, no taxes raised, no army maintained except by parliamentary consent. Establish after the Glorious Revolution.
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| New Model Army | Created by Cromwell
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| Petiton of Rights | Limited power of Charles I of England. Could not declare martial law, could not collect taxes, could not imprison people without casue, soldiers could not be housed without consent
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| War of Austrian Succession | Conflict caused by the rival claims for the dominions of the Habsburg family. before the death of Charles VI, HRE and archduke of Austria, many of European powers had guarenteed that Charles' daughter Maria Theresa would succeed him.
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| Junkers | Members of the Prussian aristocracy, a class formerly associated with political reaction and militarism
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| Pragmatic Sanction | Issued by Charles VI of Austria in 1713 to assure Maria Theresa would gain the throne
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| Romanovs | Russian dynasty, started with Michael Romanov after the Time of Troubles and lasted until 1917
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| Frederick William the Great Elector | First man who made modern Pussia
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