anatomy/physiology
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| contractibility | ability of skeletal muscles to shorten with force
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| excitability | capacity of skeletal muscle to respond to a stimulus
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| extensibility | ability to be stretched
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| elasticity | ability to recoil to their original resting length after they have been stretched
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| epimysium | skeletal muscle surrounded by a connective tissue
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| fascia | connected tissue located outside the epimysium
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| perimysium | loose connective tissue
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| fibers | single muscle cells
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| endomysium | connective tissue sheath
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| myofibrils | threadlike structure that extends from one end of the fiber to the other
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| actin myofilaments | thin mylofilaments
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| myosin myofilaments | thick mylofilaments
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| sarcromeres | basic structural and functional unity of the muscle
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| resting membrane potential | the charge difference across the membrane
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| action potential | brief reversal back of the charge
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| motor neurons | nerve cells that carry action potentials to skeletal muscle fibers
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| neuromuscular junction | each branch that connects to the muscle
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| synapse | branch that connects to the muscle near the center of the cell
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| motor unit | single motor neuron and all the skeletal muscle fibers it innervates
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| presynaptic terminal | enlarged nerve terminal
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| synaptic cleft | space between the presynaptic terminal and the muscle cell
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| postsynaptic terminal | muscle fiber
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| synaptic vesicles | secrete a neurotransmitter
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| acetylcholine | secretion of a nuerotransmitter
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| acetylcholinesterase | enzyme that breaks down acetylcholine
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| sliding filament mechanism | the sliding of actin mylofilaments past myosin myofilaments during contraction
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| muscle twitch | a contraction of an entire muscle in response to a stimulus
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| threshold | the level to which a stimulus much reach for a muscle fiber to respond
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| all-or-none response | point in which the muscle fiber will contract maximally
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| lag phase | time between application of a stimulus to a motor neuron and the beginning of a contraction
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| contraction phase | time in which the muscle contracts
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| relaxation phase | time in which the muscle relaxes
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| tetany | muscle remains contracted without relaxing
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| recruitment | increase in number of motor units being activated
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| ATP | adenosine triphosphate
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| ADP | adenosine diphosphate
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| creatine phosphate | a high end molecule
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| anaerobic respiration | without oxygen
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| aerobic respiration | with oxygen
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| oxygen debt | amount of oxygen needed in chemical reactions to convert lactic acid to glucose
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| muscle fatigue | results when ATP is used during muscle contraction faster than it can be produced
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| isometric | length of muscle does not change, but the amount of tension increases during the contraction process
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| isotonic | amount of tension produced by the muscle is constant during contraction
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| muscle tone | refers to constant tension produced by muscles of the body for long periods of time
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| fast twitch fibers | contract quickly and fatigue quickly
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| slow twitch fibers | contract more slowly and are more resistant to fatigue
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| origin | the most stationary end of the muscle
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| insertion | the end of the muscle undergoing the greatest movement
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| belly | portion of muscle between the origin and the insertion
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| synergists | muscles that work together to accomplish specific movements
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| antagonists | muscles that work in opposition to one another
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| prime mover | muscle that plays the major role in accomplishing the desired movement
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| occipitofrontalis | raises the eyebrows
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| orbicularis occuli | closes the eyelids and causes "crows feet"
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| orbicularis oris | puckers the lips
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| buccinator | flattens the cheeks
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| zygomaticus | smiling muscle
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| levator labii superioris | sneering
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| depressor anguli oris | frowning
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| intrinsic tongue muscle | changes the shape of the tongue
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| extrinsic tongue muscle | moves the tongue
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| sternocleidomastoid | lateral neck and prime mover. rotates and abducts the head
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| thoracic muscles | muscles that move the thorax
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| diaphragm | accomplishes quiet breathing. dome shaped muscle that aids in breathing
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| trapezius | rotates scapula
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| serratus anterior | pulls scapula anteriorly
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| pectoralis major | adducts and flexes the arm
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| latissimus dorsi | medially rotates, adducts, and powerfully extends arm
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| deltoid | attaches the humerus to the scapula and clavicle, and is major abductor to the upper limb
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| triceps brachii | extends the forearm
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| biceps brachii | flexes the forearm
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| brachialis | flexes forearm
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| flexor carpi | flexes the wrist
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| extensor carpi | extends the wrist
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| flexor digitorum | flexes the fingers
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| extensor digitorum | extends the fingers
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