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Chapter 6 muscle voc
anatomy/physiology
| contractibility | ability of skeletal muscles to shorten with force |
| excitability | capacity of skeletal muscle to respond to a stimulus |
| extensibility | ability to be stretched |
| elasticity | ability to recoil to their original resting length after they have been stretched |
| epimysium | skeletal muscle surrounded by a connective tissue |
| fascia | connected tissue located outside the epimysium |
| perimysium | loose connective tissue |
| fibers | single muscle cells |
| endomysium | connective tissue sheath |
| myofibrils | threadlike structure that extends from one end of the fiber to the other |
| actin myofilaments | thin mylofilaments |
| myosin myofilaments | thick mylofilaments |
| sarcromeres | basic structural and functional unity of the muscle |
| resting membrane potential | the charge difference across the membrane |
| action potential | brief reversal back of the charge |
| motor neurons | nerve cells that carry action potentials to skeletal muscle fibers |
| neuromuscular junction | each branch that connects to the muscle |
| synapse | branch that connects to the muscle near the center of the cell |
| motor unit | single motor neuron and all the skeletal muscle fibers it innervates |
| presynaptic terminal | enlarged nerve terminal |
| synaptic cleft | space between the presynaptic terminal and the muscle cell |
| postsynaptic terminal | muscle fiber |
| synaptic vesicles | secrete a neurotransmitter |
| acetylcholine | secretion of a nuerotransmitter |
| acetylcholinesterase | enzyme that breaks down acetylcholine |
| sliding filament mechanism | the sliding of actin mylofilaments past myosin myofilaments during contraction |
| muscle twitch | a contraction of an entire muscle in response to a stimulus |
| threshold | the level to which a stimulus much reach for a muscle fiber to respond |
| all-or-none response | point in which the muscle fiber will contract maximally |
| lag phase | time between application of a stimulus to a motor neuron and the beginning of a contraction |
| contraction phase | time in which the muscle contracts |
| relaxation phase | time in which the muscle relaxes |
| tetany | muscle remains contracted without relaxing |
| recruitment | increase in number of motor units being activated |
| ATP | adenosine triphosphate |
| ADP | adenosine diphosphate |
| creatine phosphate | a high end molecule |
| anaerobic respiration | without oxygen |
| aerobic respiration | with oxygen |
| oxygen debt | amount of oxygen needed in chemical reactions to convert lactic acid to glucose |
| muscle fatigue | results when ATP is used during muscle contraction faster than it can be produced |
| isometric | length of muscle does not change, but the amount of tension increases during the contraction process |
| isotonic | amount of tension produced by the muscle is constant during contraction |
| muscle tone | refers to constant tension produced by muscles of the body for long periods of time |
| fast twitch fibers | contract quickly and fatigue quickly |
| slow twitch fibers | contract more slowly and are more resistant to fatigue |
| origin | the most stationary end of the muscle |
| insertion | the end of the muscle undergoing the greatest movement |
| belly | portion of muscle between the origin and the insertion |
| synergists | muscles that work together to accomplish specific movements |
| antagonists | muscles that work in opposition to one another |
| prime mover | muscle that plays the major role in accomplishing the desired movement |
| occipitofrontalis | raises the eyebrows |
| orbicularis occuli | closes the eyelids and causes "crows feet" |
| orbicularis oris | puckers the lips |
| buccinator | flattens the cheeks |
| zygomaticus | smiling muscle |
| levator labii superioris | sneering |
| depressor anguli oris | frowning |
| intrinsic tongue muscle | changes the shape of the tongue |
| extrinsic tongue muscle | moves the tongue |
| sternocleidomastoid | lateral neck and prime mover. rotates and abducts the head |
| thoracic muscles | muscles that move the thorax |
| diaphragm | accomplishes quiet breathing. dome shaped muscle that aids in breathing |
| trapezius | rotates scapula |
| serratus anterior | pulls scapula anteriorly |
| pectoralis major | adducts and flexes the arm |
| latissimus dorsi | medially rotates, adducts, and powerfully extends arm |
| deltoid | attaches the humerus to the scapula and clavicle, and is major abductor to the upper limb |
| triceps brachii | extends the forearm |
| biceps brachii | flexes the forearm |
| brachialis | flexes forearm |
| flexor carpi | flexes the wrist |
| extensor carpi | extends the wrist |
| flexor digitorum | flexes the fingers |
| extensor digitorum | extends the fingers |
Created by:
MissJaxon7
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