The Respiratory System
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| Alveol/o | Alveolus, air sac
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| bronch/o | bronchial tube
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| bronchi/o | Bronchus
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| bronchil/o | bronchiole
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| capn/o | carbon dioxide
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| cyan/o | blue
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| laryng/o | larynx
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| lob/o | lobe
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| nas/o | nose
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| pharyng/o | pharynx
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| phren/o | diaphragm
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| pneum/o, pneumon/o | air
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| pulmon/o | lung
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| rhin/o | nose
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| sinus/o | sinus
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| spir/o | breathing
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| thorac/o | chest
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| trache/o | trachea
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| Respiration | as a system refers to the movement of gases into and out of the lungs, and the exchange of gases between the alveoli and the capillaries and tissues in the body
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| Respiration System Major Organs and Structure | Nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi and lungs
Structure- Diaphragm, sinuses and nasal cavity
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| Functions of the Respiratory System | gas exchange, acid-base balance, speech, sense of smell, creation f pressure gradients necessary to circulate blood and lymph
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| Upper Respiratory Tract (Anatomy in the Head and Neck) | Nasal cavity- nose- nasopharynx- oropharynx and laryngopharynx- larynx
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| Nose | The nasal bones and nasal cartilages shape the nose
Nares= Nostils
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| Nasal Cavity | The mucous membrane of the nasal cavity warm and moisturize the air and remove debris
Nasal conchae provide extra surface area
Vestibule block debris from entering the respiratory tract
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| Pharynx | Composed of Nasopharynx, oropharynx and laryngopharynx
The epithelial tissue varies in each part of the phanx based on the materials that travel thru each area
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| Larynx | Cartilaginous box that contains the vocal box
Thyroid, Arytenoid, and Corniculate Cartilage
Muscles in the larynx move cartilage that allow the vocal cods to vibrate to produce sound
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| Epiglottis | Blocks the entrance to the trachea when swallowing
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| Lower Respiratory Tract (Anatomy in the Thoracic Cavity) | Trachea- main bronchi- bronchial tree- alveoli
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| Trachea | Has 18 to 20 C-shaed cartilages that hold it pen for the easy passage of air
Splits to form the main bronchi
The inner lining is ciliated to tap debris from accumulating in the lungs
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| Lungs and Bronchial Tree | Each main bonchus enters a lung and then further divides to form the bronchial tree
Lobar bronchi go to each local of the lung
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| Lungs | The left lung has 2 lobes and the right lung has 3 due to the position of the heart
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| Bronchioles | Have smooth muscle in their walls and lobules
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| Alveoli | Small air sacs in the lung branches go to
Have walls of simple squamous cells and great alveoli cells that produce surfactant
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| Surfactant | Reduces the surface tension of water so that alveoli do not collapse
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| Respiratory Membrane | Composed of the thin layer of water with surfactant in the alveoli, the single squamous call alveolar wall, and the single call capillary wall
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| Inspiration (Breathing in) | Intercostal muscles and the diaphragm's contracting to increase the volume of the thoracic cavity, thereby decreasing pressure
Air flows due to pressure gradients
Pleural membranes cause the lung to expand with the thoracic cavity
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| Normal Inspiration (Pressure wants to equalize) | contraction of the intercostal muscles and diaphragm
Forced inspiration involves additional muscles, sternocleidomastoid and pectoralis minor
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| Normal Expiration (Breathing out) | Relaxation of the intercostal muscles and diaphragm
Forced expiration is caused by muscle contraction
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| Measurements of Pulmonary Function (Spirometer) | Used to measure lung volume and capacities
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| Tidal Volume(TV) | The amount of air moved in a normal breath (inspired or expired) at rest. normal 500ml
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| Residual Volume (RV) | The amount of air in the lungs that cannot be moved, normal 1,200ml
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| Total Lung Capacity (TLC) | Maximum amount of air the lung can hold, normal 5,800ml
TLC= VC+RV
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| Composition of Air | Air is a mixture of gases including nitrogen, oxygen, carbon dioxide, and water vapor
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| Partial Pressure | The amount of pressure an individual gas contributes to the total pressure of the mixture
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| Gas Exchange | Happens between the alveoli and the capillaries in the lung and between the capillaries and the tissues of the body
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| Gas Exchange | Gases diffuse across membranes because of a concentration gradient until the concentration on both sides of the membrane are equal
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| Inspired VS Expired Air | Inspired air has more oxygen and less carbon dioxide
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| Factors that Influence Gas Exchange | Concentration of the Gases, Membrane Area, Membrane Thickness and Solubility of the Gas
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| Concentration of the Gases | Creates a gradient for diffusion
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| Membrane Area | The greater the membrane area, the greater the opportunity for diffusion
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| Membrane Thickness | Thickness membranes make gas exchange more difficult
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| Solubility of the Gas | Must be soluble in water to diffuse across the respiratory membrane
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| Regulation of Respiration | It is controlled by respiratory centers in the medulla oblongata: Stretch receptors, pons, the cerebral cortex and chemorecptors
drivers of respiration pH, CO2, and O2 in that order
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| Information to the Medulla comes from what sources | Stretch receptors in the thoracic wall react to the degree of chest expansions- Hering Breuer Reflex
Proprioceptors in the muscles and joints alert the medulla when greater demand is needed
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| Information to the Medulla comes from what sources | Pontine respiratory group in the pons receive input from other brain areas to adjust respiration
Cerebral Cortex can override reflexes- holdin breath
Peripheral chemoreceptors monitor levels of gases in the blood- CO2 is the main controller
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| Respiratory centers are sensitive to changes in CO2 and H+ | Increase in CO2 and H+ causes respiratory center to increase rate and dept of breathing. This causes loss to CO2 and H+ and lowers levels to normal
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| Gas Transport | Most of the oxygen is transported in the blood by hemoglobin as oxyhemoglobin
Most of Carbon Dioxide is transported in the blood as Bicarbonate Ions
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| Hemoglobin | Functions to carry oxygen from the lungs to the tissues and to carry hydrogen ions from the tissues to the lungs
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| Ventilation-Perfusion Coupling (self regulator) | Lung Perfusion and Alveolar Ventilation
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| Lung Perfusion (blood flow to alveoli) | Alveolar capillaries constrict where the partial pressure of oxygen is low so blood is diverted to where the partial pressure of oxygen is high
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| Alveoli Ventilation (air flow to alveoli) | Bronchioles dilate if partial pressure of carbon dioxide increases
Bronchioles constrict if the partial pressure of carbon dioxide decreases
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| Acidosis | pH of the blood is less the 7.35
Medulla Oblongata stimulates hyperventilation (increased respiratory rate) to blow off CO2 in the blood to raise the pH
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| Alkalosis | pH of the blood is greater the 7.45
Medulla Oblongata stimulates hypoventilation (decreased respiratory rate) to keep CO2 in the blood to lower the pH
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| Hypercapnia | Increased carbon dioxide in the blood
Causes the pH to fall in the body fluids
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