Urinary System
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| dia- | through, between, apart, complete
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| -cele | hernia, tumor, swelling
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| cyst/o | urinary bladder, cyst, sac of fluid
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| -ectasis | stretching, dilation, enlargement
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| glomerul/o | glomerulus- cluster of capillaries surrounded by membrane called Bowman's capsule
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| lith/o | stone, calculus abnormal mineral deposit named for organ or tissue where located
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| -lysis | breakdown, separation, setting free, destruction, loosening
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| nephr/o | kidney
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| -pexy | surgical fixation
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| pyel/o | renal pelvis, bowl of kidney
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| ren/o | kidney
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| -tripsy | to crush
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| ureter/o | ureter
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| urethr/o | urethra
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| -uria | urination, urine
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| homeostasis | homeo-sameness, stasis-control
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| urea | major waste product of protein metabolism
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| structures of urinary system | 2 kidneys, 2 ureters, 1 bladder, 1 urethra
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| 2 layers that surround the renal pelvis | renal cortex- outer layer, contains nephronsmedulla- inner layer, contains urine collecting tubules
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| nephrons | functional units of kidneys, forms urine by filtration, contains glomerulus
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| urochrome | uro-urine, chrome- color pigment gives normal yellow, amber, straw color
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| ureters | narrow tubes carries urine from kidney to urinary bladder
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| vesic/o | urinary bladder- hollow muscular reservoir for urine
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| urethra and urethral meatus | tube from bladder to urethral meatus-external opening of urethra
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| micturition | urination or voiding
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| nephrologist | specializes in diagnosing and treating diseases and disorders fo kidneys
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| urologist | specializes in diagnosing and treating diseases and disorders of urinary/ genitourinary systems
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| renal failure | kidney failure- inability of kidneys to perform their functions, damaged/destroyed nephrons result in failure
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| anuria | anuresis- complete suppression of urine formation
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| uremia | uremic poisoning- excessive amount of urea and waste in bloodstream
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| acute renal failure | ARF- sudden onset of uremia, may be caused by drop in blood volume or pressure due to injury or surgery
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| chronic renal failure | CRF- progressive disease. dialysis or transplant required
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| end-stage renal disease | ESRD- late stages of chronic renal failure
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| nephrotic syndrome | NS- characteristics- edema, hyperproteinuria, hypoproteinemia, hyperlipidemia
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| nephrosis | nephropathy- nephrotic syndrome- diseases of kidney
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| diabetic nephropathy | damage to kidney's capillary blood vessels caused by long-term diabetes mellitus
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| glomerulonephritis | inflammation on kidneys,urine is dark brown or black, often related to autoimmune problem
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| hydronephrosis | dilation (enlargement) of renal pelvis, result of obstruction of urine flow
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| nephrectasis | distention (enlargement) of kidney
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| nephroptosis | floating kidney- downward displacement of kidney (ptosis- drooping or dropping down)
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| nephropyosis | suppuration (formation of pus) of kidney
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| pyelitis | inflammation of renal pelvis
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| pyelonephritis | inflammation of renal pelvis and kidney
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| renal colic | acute pain in kidney area caused by blockage during passage of kidney stone
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| nephrolithiasis, cystolithiasis, ureterolithiasis | stones in kidney, stones in urinary bladder, stones in ureter
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| hydroureter | distention of ureter with urine that cannot flow because of block
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| ureterectasis | distention (enlargement)of ureter
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| ureterorrhagia | discharge of blood from ureter
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| ureterostenosis | stricture (abnormal narrowing) of ureter
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| cystalgia, cystodynia | pain in urinary bladder
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| interstitual cystitis | inflammation within wall of bladder, cronic conditon like cystitis
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| cystocele | hernia of bladder through vaginal wall
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| cystorrhagia | bleeding from bladder
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| vesicovaginal fissure | abnormal opening between bladder and vagina
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| epispadias | congential abnormality- urethral opening is located on dorsal surface of penis or in region of clitoris
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| hypospadias | congenital abnormality- urethral opening on undersurface of penis or in the vagina
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| paraspadias | congenital abnormality in males- urethral opening is on one side of penis
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| diuresis | diur- increasing output of urine, esis- abnormal condition
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| dysuria | difficult or painful urination
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| enuresis | involuntary discharge of urine
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| nocturia | excessive urination during the night
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| oliguria, polyuria | olig- scanty, poly- many, excessive
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| urinary retention | inability to void or empty the bladder
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| urinary stress incontinence | inability to control voiding of urine under physical stress
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| urge incontinence | urination occurs involuntarily as soon as urgent desire is felt, caused by movement not full bladder
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| catheterization | insertion of sterile catheter through urethra into urinary bladder
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| intravenous pyelogram | IVP- radiographic study of kidneys and ureters where iodine is injected into a vein to define these structures more clearly
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| urinalysis | exam of urine to determine the presence of abnormal elements
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| dialysis | procedure to remove waste products from blood of pt whose kidneys no longer function
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| hemodialysis | HD- filters waste products from blood, arterial blood flows through the filters of artifical kidney machine
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| peritoneal dialysis | lining of peritoneal cavity acts as filter to remove waste from blood, dialysate solution(water and electrolytes) is run into cavity and fluid exchanged through catheter implanted in abdominal wall
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| continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis | CAPD- dialysate solution from plastic bag under pt clothing, solution drains back into bag every 6-8 hours then bag discarded for new one.
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| continuous cycling peritoneal dialysis | CCPD- machine cycles dialysate fluid during night while pt sleeps
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| nephrolysis | freeing of a kidney from adhesions
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| adhesions | band of fibers that holds structures together abnormally
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| lithotripsy | extracorporeal (situated or occurring outside the body) shock-wave lithotripsy, ESWL- destuction of kidney stone with use of ultrasonic waves through water
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| nephrolithotomy | surgical removal of kidney stone through an incision
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| cystopexy | surgical fixation of bladder to abdominal wall
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| lithotomy | surgical incision for removal of stone
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| meatotomy | incision of urinary meatus to enlarge the opening
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| urethropexy | surgical fixation of urethra for correction of urinary stress incontinence
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| urethrotomy | surgical incision into urethra for relief of stricture
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