Ap World History - Summerville High School
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| Ivan III (the Great) | Prince of the Duchy of Moscow; responsible for freeing Russia from the Mongols; took the title of tsar (caesar).
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| Ivan IV (the Terrible) | confirmed power of tsarist autocracy by attacking the authority of the boyars; continued policy of expansion; established contacts with western European commerce and culture.
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| Cossacks | peasant-adventurers with agricultural and military skills, recruited to conquer and settle in newly seized lands in southern Russia and Siberia.
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| Time of Troubles | early 17th-century period of boyar efforts to regain power and foreign invasion following the death of Ivan IV, who died without an heir; ended with the selection of Michael Romanov as tsar in 1613.
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| Romanov dynasty | ruled Russia from 1613 to 1917.
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| Alexis Romanov | Second Romanov ruler; abolished assemblies of nobles; gained new powers over the Orthodox church.
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| Old Believers | conservative Russians who refused to accept the ecclesiastical reforms of Alexis Romanov; many were exiled to southern Russia or Siberia.
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| Peter I (the Great) | tsar from 1689 to 1725; continued growth of absolutism and conquest; sought to change selected aspects of the economy and culture through imitation of western European models.
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| Catherine the Great | German-born Russian tsarina; combined selective receptivity to Enlightenment ideas with strong centralizing policies; converted the nobility to a service aristocracy by granting them new power over the peasantry.
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| Pugachev rebellion | unsuccessful peasant uprising led by cossack Emelyan Pugachev during the 1770s; typical of peasant unrest during the 18th century and thereafter.
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| partition of Poland | three separate divisions of Polish territory between Russia, Prussia, and Austria in 1772, 1793, and 1795; eliminated Poland as an independent state.
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