Central Nervous System
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| Sensory Division (Afferent) | Carries impulses from sensory receptors to the CNS. (Brings information to the brain)
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| Motor Division (Efferent) | Carries impulses from the CNS to effectors. (Takes information away from the brain)
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| Motor Division has 2 subdivisions used to control the body | Somatic Nervous System and the Autonomic Nervous System
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| Somatic Nervous System | Voluntary control of skeletal muscles
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| Autonomic Nervous System (don't have conscious control over) | Involuntary control of cardiac muscle, smooth muscle and glands
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| Anatomical Division | CNS and the PNS
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| CNS | Brain and Spinal Cord (the control center)
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| PNS | all the nerves outside the brain and the spinal cord (consist of nerves and sensory receptors
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| Neurons have 3 parts | Cell bodies, dendrites and axons
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| Dendrites | Receives information (talk to other cells)
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| Cell bodies | Takes the information from the dendrites and responds
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| Axons | Electrical impulses get transmitted down
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| Types of Neurons | Multipolar, Bipolar and Unipolar
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| Multipolar Neurons | Has several dendrites, single axon and neurons located in the brain and spinal cord
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| Bipolar Neurons | 1 dendrites and 1 axon, occurs in the sensory portions of the body (we use to see, hear and smell)
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| Unipolar Neurons | One single process extending from the cell body. Go to our skin and organs
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| Neuroglia | Support and help the neurons function
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| 4 Neuroglial Cells in the CNS | Oligodendrocytes, Ependymal, Astocytes and Microglia
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| Oligodendrocytes | Create Myelin in the CNS
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| Ependymal Cells | Line the CNS to produce the CSF in the CNS
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| Astrocytes | Forms the brain blood barrier in the CNS(cover the blood supply and helps fight toxins)
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| Microglia | Fights Pathogens( filter out things that should not be in the CNS
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| 2 Neuroglial Cells in the Peripheral Nervous System | Schwann Cells and Satellite Calls
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| Schwann Cell | Produce the myelin in the PNS
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| Satellite Cells | Helps control the environment for ganglia
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| Me/nin/ges | Fibrous membrane that protect the brain and spinal cord. Dura mater, Arachnoid mater and Pia mater
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| Dura Mater (Latin for strong mother) | Tough outer surface attached to the cranial bones. Forms protective tube in vertebral canal
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| Arachnoid Mater | Middle layer, Thin web like. Does not penetrate smaller depression like the pia
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| Subarachnoid Space | Between the Arachnoid mater and Pia mater. Filled with Cerebrospinal Fluid
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| Pia Mater | Attached directly to the brain and spinal cord. Thin innermost layer. Contains blood vessels to nourish the brain and spinal cord
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| Cerebrospinal Fluid | Protects the brain, provides buoyancy(balance) and cushion for the brain. provides chemical balance by removing waste. provides nutrients
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| Ventricles | produce and circulate the CSF
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| 2 Lateral Ventricles | within the choroid plexuses where the CSF is produced
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| 3rd Ventricle | Midline of diencephalon
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| 4th Ventricle | Midline of brain stem
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| Flow of CSF | Lateral Ventricle- to 3rd- to 4th- to the central canal or subarachnoid space
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| Cerebal Cortex | Gray matter, Outer surface, cell bodied and unmyelinated fibers nerve acting to transmitt impulses down the unmyelinated fibers to the myelinated fibers beneath
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| White Matter beneath the Cortex | Helps transmit impulses between the hemispheres of the brain(left and right side) and other areas of the brain
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| Cerebrum | Characterized by Gyri(fold) and Sulci(grooves). divided into hemispheres that are further divided into 4 lobes
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| Left and Right Cerebral Hemispheres | Separated by longitudinal fissure. Connected by Corpus Callosum(bundles of white matter)
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| Cerebral Hemisphere divided by 4 lobes | Frontal Lobe, Parietal Lobe, Temporal Lobe and Occipital Lobe, Insula
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| Frontal Lobe (motor area) | Premotor- planner, Primary motor- sends the message. Broca area- interprets out going lanuage. executive function
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| Parietal Lobe | General sensory, primary sensory area, high level reasoning(problem solving)
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| Temporal Lobe | Hearing, Wernicke's area- interprets incoming lanuage
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| Occipital Lobe | Vision
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| Insula |
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| Limbic System | Complex of very deep nuclei inside the brain. Involved in memory and emotions
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| Hippocampus (Memory) | Immediate memory last a few seconds short term memory lasts a few seconds to a few hours(forgetting results if distracted Long term memory results from chemical changes
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| Amygdala (Emotions) | Emotional behaviors, malfunctions can result in mood disorders
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| Long Term Memory (Hippocampus) | Results from cellular changes including the growth of dendrites and the formation of new connections
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| Diencephalon | Thalamus and Hypothalamus
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| Thalamus | Acts as a switching station for incoming sensory messages Directs the sensory messages to the apporiate lobe of the cerebrum
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| Hypothalamus | Monitors the internal environment and helps regulate homeostasis
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| Hypothalamus | Helps temperature regulation, heart rate, digestive and uninary function
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| Hypothalamus | Helps with hormone production, food and water intake and sexual developement
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| Brainstem | Medulla Oblongata, pons, midbrain and reticular formation
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| Medulla Oblongata | lowest section of the brainstem. All sensory(incoming) and motor(outgoing) information passes thru.
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| Medulla Oblongata | Regulates heart rate, respiratory rate and blood vessel. controls vomiting
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| Pons | bridges motor tracts to the cerebellum(talks to the cerebellum)
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| Midbrain | bulges called colliculi on back surface. top 2 control visual reflexes bottom 2 control auditory reflexes
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| Reticular Formation | Helps with sleep-wake and arousal
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| Cerebellum | 2 hemispheres connected by Vermis. Helps posture, balance and control. refelxive memory
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| Cerebellum | Second largest brain region. Damage results in loss of equilibrium, muscle coordination and muscle tone
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