Chapter 12 and 13
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| What does the right side of the heart do? | Pumps blood into lungs and back to the left side of the heart thru vessels of the pulmonary circulation
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| What does the left side of the heart do? | pumps blood into all other tissues of the body and back to the right side of the heart through vesses of the systematic circulation
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| Describe the serosa of the heart | The serosa is the portion covering the heart surface it's the parietal and visceral pericardium (lining the fibrous pericardium)
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| What is the nore pericardial fluid? | helps reproduce friction as heart moves with in the pericadum (produced by serous pericadium)
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| Describe the External heart: | Coronary Sulcus: between atria and venticles (dog ears), Intraventricular Sulcus: intraventricular, Veins into atria, arteries out of ventricles
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| Describe the Internal Heart | Atria (inflow reservoirs), Ventricles (outflow pumps)
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| Describe the heart valves | for one way flow, Atrioventricular: Tricuspid (right), Bicuspid (left). Semilunar valves: Pulmonary-right ventricle to lung, Aortic- left ventircle to aorta
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| Describe the mapquest of the heart | Pulmonary (the short trip), Systemic (the long trip)
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| Describe cardiac blood supply | 2 Coronary Arteries (from aorta, supply blood to wall of heart) and cardiac veins ( coronary sinus to right atrium, drain blood from cardiac muscle)
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| Describe the Electricity of the cell of the heart | Action Potentions in cardiac muscle consists of depolariation plateu and repolarization phases. Cadiac muscle does not repolarize as rapidly as skeletal muscle b/c of plateu phase
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| Describe the Electricity of the organ of the heart | conduction system from Pacemaker cells: SA node and AV node
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| Describe the Electricity of the Mapquest of the heart | SA node to atria and intraventricular septum (at septum) AV node to AV bumndle to bundle branches ( R&L) bundle branches to Right and Left ventricles (via purkinje fibers)
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| How do the letters of the Electrocardiogram (EKG) go? | P- QRS-T-P-QRS-T
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| What does the P in an EKG stand for? | Atrial Depolarization (before contraction) - depolarization of atrial myocardium at begining of P waves processed on set of atrial contraction
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| What does the QRS in an EKG stand for? | Ventricular Depolarization (before contraction) results from depolarization of ventricles and begining of QRS complex
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| What does the T in an EKG stand for? | Ventricular repolarization (before relaxation) represents repolarization of ventricles and beginging of the T waves pecedes ventricular relaxation
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| Describe the heart sounds | 1st: closing the AV valves, 2nd: closing the semilunar valves
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| Described the abnormal heart sounds | Murmur: vavle does not close tightly, Stenosis (swishing sound) : valve opening is narrowed
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| What is the calculations for regulation of heart function? | Cardiac Output (ml/min) = Heart Rate(beats/min) X Stroke Volume (ml/beat)
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| Describe Extrinsic Regulation |
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| What is a Barareceptor Reflex? | (baroreceptors are strech receptors) in wall of carotid artery and aorta. The baroreceptor neurons go to the cardioregulatory center of the medulla oblongota to change the acticvity of sympathetic and parasympathetic nerves to the heart
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| What happens with increased BP in the heart? | increased BP to increased sensory signal to medulla to a) increased parasympathetic stim b) decrease sympathectic stimulus
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| What happens with decreased BP in the heart? | Decreased BP to decreased sensory signal to medulla a) decrease parasympathetic stim b) increase sympathetic stimulus
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| Describe Chemorecptor Reflex | chemoreceptors in medulla easure changes in blood pH and PCO2
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| Decreased pH (increased CO2) to Increased sym activity to increased BP |
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| Increase pH (decreased CO2) to decreased symp. activity to decreased BP |
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| Smp Regulation of BP is | Heart + BV
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| Parasym is | Heart only
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| What is the Network Structure of BV & Circulation? | Artery to arteriole to capillary to venule to vein
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| What are the 3 layers of a BV? | inner T. intima (squamous epith), middle T. media (smooth muscle, thicker in artery, thinner vein), outer T. adventita aka T externa (Collagen connective tissue)
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| An Artery is a resistance vessel, a vein is | a capatance vessle
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| Describe the structure of a Capillairy | endothelium (for diffusion), diameter of 1 RBC, local control of flow by pre-capillary sphincters
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| Describe Capillary Exchange | Fluid Movement Out: BP, FM IN: Osmotic Pressure
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| How does the Fluid movement in and Capillary Exchange go? | Net flow (arterial end): OUT from capillary, Net Flow (venous end): IN to capillary
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| Describe the local control of blood flow | Capillaries are not intervates,C sphincters are regulated by metabolic needs so Relaxation of sphincters increases local circulation and contraction of sphincters decreases local circulation
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| Describe the Nervous and Hormonal control of blood flow | Autonomic Symp innervation of most blood vessels CNS control in medullary Vasomotor Center. Increased "vasomotor tone" increases BP and Decreased decreases BP. In most tissues, NE causes vasoconstriction but NE vasodilation in Skeletal muscle tissue
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| Describe the control of blood flow in the basoreceptors | Stimulis (pressure), receptor sites, CNS processor, effector, response
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| What are the 3 Stimuli of chemoreceptors? | 1. O2 to increased O2 to decreased BP 2. CO2 to increased CO2 to increased BP 3. pH to decreased pH to increased BP
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| What are the receptor sites in Chemoreceptors? | medulla at coarated artery and aorta
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| Where is the CNS processor in a chemoreceptor? | Medulla
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| What is the effector organ for chemoreceptors? | Heart and vessels
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| What are the 4 hormones | adrenal medullary ,renin angiotensin aldosterone, ADH, ANP
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| Describe the Adrenal Medullary Mechanism | releasing epinephrine and small amounts of norepinephrine into the blood. theyre neuron that secrete hormones from the cell to regulate another.
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| Describe renin angiotensin aldosterone | see notes
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| Describe ADH | see notes
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| Describe ANP | see notes
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| What causes ADH | osmolarity
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