euro testing
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| Humanism | study of classical texts, values and styles of greek and Rome. promotion of liberal arts education based on the study of classics, rhetoric, and history
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| christian humanism | studied classical texts (christian) committed to religious piety and institutional reform
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| vernacular | the everyday language in a region or country
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| new monarchs | european monarchs who created professional armies and a more centralized administrative bureaucracy. The new monarchs also negotiated a new relationship with the catholic church.
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| taille | a direct tax on french peasantry
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| reconquista | the centuries long christian reconquest of spain from the muslims
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| indulgence | a certificate granted by the pope in return for the payment of a fee to the church, stating that the soul of the dead relative or friend of the purchaser would have his time in purgatory reduced by many years or cancelled although
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| anabaptist | protestants who insisted that only adult baptist conformed to scripture. Protestant and catholic leaders condemned Anabaptists for advocating the complete separation of the church and state
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| predestination | doctrine espoused by John Calvin the God has known since the beginning of time who will be saved and who will be damned.
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| Huguenots | french protestants who followed the teachings of john calvin
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| politiques | rulers who put political necessities above personal beliefs
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| Columbian exchange | the interchange of plants, animals, diseases, and human populations between the old world and the new world
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| mercantilism | economic philosophy calling for close government regulation of the economy. mercantilism theory emphasized building a strong, self sufficient economy by maximizing by maximizing exports and limiting imports
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| putting out system | a preindustrial manufacturing system in which an entrepreneur would bring materials to rural people who worked on them in their own homes
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| joint stock company | a business arrangement in which many investors raise money for a venture too large for any of them to undertake alone
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| absolutism | a system of government in which the ruler claims sole and uncontestable power
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| divine rights of kings | the idea that rulers receive their authority from God and are answerable only to God.
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| intendants | french royal officials who supervised provincial governments in the name of the king. played a key role in establishing french absolutism
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| fronde | a series of rebellions against royal authority in france between 1649 and 1652.
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| robot | system of forced labor used in eastern europe
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| junkers | prussias landowning nobility
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| scientific method | the use of inductive logic and controlled experiments to discover regular patterns in nature
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| philosophes | 18th century writers who stressed reason and advocated freedom of expression, religious toleration, and a reformed legal system
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| deism | the belief that God created the universe but allowed it to operate through the laws of nature
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| general will | a concept in political philosophy referring to the desire or interest of people as a whole
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| enlightened despotism | a system of government supported by leading philosophes in which an absolute ruler uses his or her power for the good of the people
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| enclosure movement | the process by which british landlords consolidated or fenced in common lands to increase the production of cash crops
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| agriculture revolution | the innovations in farm production that began in 18th century holland and spread to england
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| physiocrats | group of 18th century french economists led by Francois Quesnay
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| invisible hand | phrase coined by adam smith to refer to the self regulating nature of a free marketplace
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| parlements | french regional courts dominated by hereditary nobles
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| girondins | a moderate republican faction active in the french revolution from 1791 to 1793
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| jacobins | a radical republican party during the french revolution
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| sans-culottes | the working people of paris who were characterized by their long working pants and support for radical politics
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| levee en masse | the french policy of conscripting all males into the army. this created a type of military force based upon mass participation and a fully mobilized economy
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| Thermidorian reaction | name given to the reaction against the radicalism of the french revolution, associated with the reign of terror and reassertion of bourgeoisie power in the directory
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| legitimacy | the principle that rulers who have been driven from their thrones should be restored to power
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| balance of power | a strategy to maintain an equilibrium, in which weak countries join together to match or exceed the power of a stronger country
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| liberalism | political philosophy
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