Chapter 5: The Integumentary System
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| Integumentary System | Skin
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| Parts of the integument | cutaneous (skin) & accessory structures
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| Size of the integument | largest organ system; 16% body weight
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| Parts of cutaneous membrane | Outer epidermis and inner dermis
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| Outer dermis | superficial epithelium (epithelial tissues)
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| inner dermis | connective tissues
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| Accessory structures to integument | originate in the dermis and extend through epidermis; hair, nails, and multicellular exocrine glands
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| Connections to integument | Circulatory system and nervous system
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| Circulatory system | blood vessels
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| nervous system | sensory receptors for pain, touch, and temperature
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| Subcutaneous layer | supeficial fascia or hypodermis; loose connective tissue, below the dermis
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| Functions of skin | 1) protects underlying tissues and organs
2) excretes salts, water, and organic wastes (glands)
3)maintains body temperature (insulation and evaporation)
4) Synthesizes vitamin D
5)stores lipids
6) detects touch, pressure, pain, and temparature
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| Epidermis | Avascular stratified squamous epithelium; nutrients and oxygen diffuse from capillaries in the dermis
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| Keratinocytes | most abundant cells in the epidermis
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| Thick Skin | has 5 layers of keratinocytes
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| Think Skin | has 4 layers of keratinocytes
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| Layers of Epidermis | stratum germinativum > stratum spinosum > stratum granulosum > stratum lucidum > stratum corneum
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| Basal lamina | base of skin
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| Characteristics of stratum germinativum | many stem cells (basal cells), attached to basal lamina by hemodemosomes, forms bond between epidermis and dermis
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| Structures of stratum germinativum | Epidermal ridges (fingerprints) and dermal papillae (incrase surface area for grip)
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| Merkel cells | cells of stratum germinativum, found in hairless skin, respond to touch
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| Melanocytes | cells of stratum germinativum, contain melanin
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| characteristics of Stratum Spinosum | spiny layer, 8-10 layers of keratinocytes bound by desmosomes, are spiny because the cells shrink until cytoskeletons stick out
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| Cells of stratum spinosum | continue to divide increasing thickness of skin, contain kangerhans cells (active in immune)
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| Characteristics of Stratum Granulosum | grainy layer
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| Keratin | produced by stratum granulosum; tough, fibrous protein; makes up hair and nails
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| Keratohyalin | produced by stratum granulosum; dense granules, cross-link keratin fibers
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| Cells of stratum granulosum | produce protein fibers, dehydrate and die, create tightly interlocked layer of keratin surrounded by keratohyalin
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| Stratum Lucidum | clear layer; only in thick skin
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| cells of stratum lucidum | flat, dense, filled with keratin
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| stratum corneum | horn layer bc its is what horns are made of; 15-30 layers of keratinized cells; water resistant; shed and replaced every 2 weeks
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| Keratinization | formation of a lyer of dead, protective cells filled with keratin; occurs everywhere but eyes
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| Skin Life Cycle | 15-30 days to move from stratum germinosum to stratum corneum
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| Insensible perspiration | interstitial fluid lost by evaporation through the stratum corneum
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| Sensible perspiration | water excreted by sweat glands
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| Causes of dehydration | water loss through skin due to damage to stratum corneum (burns and blisters) and saltwater
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| Causes of hydration | freshwater (hypotonic)-causes stretching and wrinkling skin
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| Skin color depends on | blood circulation, carotene, and melanin
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| Melanin | yellow-brown or black pigment, produced by melanocytes in stratum germinativum, stored in vesicles (melanosomes), transferred ti jeratubicytes
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| Carotene | orange-yellow, accumulates in epidermal cells and fatty tissue of dermis; can be converted to vitamin A
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| Function of Melanocytes | protects skin from sun damage, produces skin color (depends on melanin production NOT number of melanocytes)
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| UV radiation | causes DNA mutations and burns which lead to cancer and wrinkles
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| How oxygenated red blood cells contribute to skin color | blood vessels dilate from heat, skin reddens/ blood flow decreases, skin pales
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| Cyanosis | bluish skin tint caused by severe reduction in blood flow or oxygenation
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| Jaundice | buildup of bile produced by liver; yellow color
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| Addison's disease | disease of the pituitary gland; skin darkening
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| Vitiligo | loss of melanocyte, loss of color (black to white)
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| Nevus | a mole
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| Hemangioma | capillary malformation (buildup)-birthmarks
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| Angle's Kiss | birthmark located on forehead and eyelids, usually disappear by age 2
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| stork bite | birthmark on the back of the neck and can last into adulthood
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| infantile hemangioma | most common birthmark; visible in first 2 weeks and grow until 6-9 months and lose color
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| port-wine stain | birthmark also called nevus flammeus, flat, pink, red, or purple mark on face, arm, or leg that continues to grow with the child
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| Vitamin D | also called cholecalciferol and produced by epidermal cells in the presence of UV radiation, converted to calitriol by liver and kidneys to aid absorption of calcium and phosphorus. Insufficient vitamin D causes rickets
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| EGF (Epidermal Growth Factor) | powerful peptide growth factor produced by glands (salivary and duodenum) and use to grow skin grafts.
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| Functions of Epidermal growth factor | promote division of germinative cells, accelerate keratin production, stimulate epidermal repair, and stimulate glandular secretion
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| Functions of the Dermis | Anchors epidermal accessory structures (hair follicles, sweat glands), and has 2 components: outer papillary layer and deep reticular layer
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| The Reticular Layer | Dense irregular tissue; contains larger blood bessels, lymph vessels, and nerve fibers; contains collagen and elastic fibers; contains connective tissue proper
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| Papillary Layer | consists of areolar tissue; smaller capillaries, lymphatics, and sensory neurons; has dermal papillae projecting between epidermal ridge
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| Dermatitis | inflammation of the papillary layer; caused by infection, radiation, mechanical irriation, or chemical; itching or pain; strong, due to collagen fibers; elastic due to elastic fibers; flexible (skin turgor)
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| Skin Damage | characterized by sagging and wrinkles caused by dehydration, age, hormonal changes, or UV exposure.
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| Stretch Marks | thickened tissue resulting from thickened tissue resulting from excessive stretching of skin from pregnancy or weight gain
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| Lines of Cleavage | Collagen and elastic fibers in the dermis are arranged in parallel bundles and resist force in a specific direction
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| Pattern of Lines of Cleavage | a parallel cut remains shut, heals well; a cut across pulls open and scars
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| Arteries n Dermis | Cutaneous plexus: a network of arteries along the reticular layer; Papillary plexus: capillary network from small arteries in papillary layer
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| Veins in Dermis | Venous plexus: capillary return deep to the papillary plexus; Contusion: damage to blood vessels resulting in bruises
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| Hypodermis (subcutaneous layer) | lies below integument; stabilizes skin; allows separate movement; made of elastic areolar and adipose tissue; connected to reticular layer by connective tissue fibers; has few capillaries and no organs
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| Adipose tissue (fat) | where it is distributed in the body is determined by hormones
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| Hair | wrapped in a dense connective-tissue-sheath; base is surrounded by sensory nerves (root hair plexus)
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| Arrector pili | involuntary smooth muscle
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| Hair Growth | hair papilla contains capillaries and nerves; hair bulb produces hair matrix
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| Hair Matrix | layer of dividing basal cells; produce hair structure; push hair up and out of skin
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| Layers of the Hair | medulla: central core; cortex: middle layer; cuticle: surface layer
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| Keratin | Soft keratin inside, hard keratin outside
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| internal root sheath | inner layer of hair follicle; contacts cuticle in lower hair root
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| external root sheath | extends from skin surface to hair matrix
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| glassy membrane | dense connective-tissue sheath that contacts connective tissues of dermis
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| Club hair | non growing hair attached to inactive follicle
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| Lanugo hair | fetal hair follicles
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| vellus hairs | soft, fine, cover body surface
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| terminal hairs | heavy, pigmented; head, eyebrows, etc.
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| Exocrine Glands | Sebaceous and sweat glands
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| Sebaceous Glands (oil glands) | simple branched alveolar glands (associated with hair follicles) and sebaceous follicles
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| Sebaceous follicles | discharge directly onto skin surface; holocrine glands; secrete sebum; contains lipids, lubricates and protects epidermis, and inhibits bacteria
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| Sweat glands | Apocrine and Merocrine
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| Aprocrine glands | found in armpits, nipples, and groin. assocaited with hair follicles; produce sticky, cloudy secretions; cause odors
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| Merocrine Glands | widely distributed especially on palms and soles, cools skin, flushes microorganism and chemicals
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| Ceruminous glands | protect eardrum and produces earwax
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| Nails | Made of dead cells, produced in a deep epidermal fold near the bone called the nail root
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| Classification of burns | 1st degree- damage to epidermis; 2nd degree- damage down to dermis; 3rd degree- damage to entire thickness of skin
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