MCAT Org. Chem Ch. 1
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| International Union of Pure And Applied Chemistry | Has designated standards for naming chemical compounds.
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| First Step of Naming Chemical Compounds | 1. Find the longest carbon chain in the compound that carries the highest priorty functional group (parent chain)
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| Second Step of Naming Chemical Compounds | 2. Number the chain in such a way that the highest-priority functional group receives the lowest possible number to determine the suffix of the molecule.
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| Third Step of Naming Chemical Compounds | 3. Name the substituents with a prefix. Multiple substituents of a single type receive another prefix denoting how many are present (di-, tri-, tetra-)
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| Fourth Step of Naming Chemical Compounds | 4. Assign a number to each of the substituents depending on the carbon to which it is bound.
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| Fifth Step of Naming Chemical Compounds | 5. Complete the name by alphabetizing the substituents and separate numbers from each other by commas and from words by hyphens.
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| Parent Chain | Longest carbon chain in a compound that contains the highest priority functional group.
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| Note About How Alkanes Are Named | They are named according to the numbers of carbons present, followed by the suffix -ane
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| Methane | CH4
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| Ethane | C2H6
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| Propane | C3H8
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| Butane | C4H10
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| Note About Names For Larger Alkanes | Use the Greek root for the number (pentane, hexane, heptane, octane, etc)
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| Type of Bonds In Alkenes | Double bonds
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| Type of Bonds In Alkynes | Triple bonds
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| Suffix and Naming For Alkenes | Substitute -ene for the suffix, and number the double bond with the lower-numbered carbon in the bond.
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| Suffix and Naming For Alkynes | Substitute -yne for the suffix, and number the triple bond with the lower-numbered carbon in the bond.
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| Alcohols | Contain a hydroxyl (-OH) group which substitutes for one or more hydrogens in the hydrocarbon chain
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| Note On How Alcohols Are Named | Substitute the suffix -ol or use the prefix hydroxyl- if a higher priority group is present.
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| Note About Priority For Alcohols And Bonds | Alcohols have higher priority than double or triple bonds and alkanes.
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| Diols | contain 2 hydroxyl groups
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| Geminal Diols | Diols that contain two hydroxyl groups on the same carbon
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| Vicinal Diols | Diols that contain two hydroxyl groups on adjacent carbons.
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| Carbonyl Group | Carbon double-bonded to an oxygen
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| Aldehydes | Have the carbonyl group on a terminal carbon that is attached to a hydrogen atom.
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| Suffix and Prefix For Aldehydes | Suffix: -al, or use the prefix oxo- if a higher-priority group is present.
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| Ketones | Have carbonyl group on a nonterminal carbon
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| Suffix and Prefix For Aldehydes and Ketones | Suffix: -one. Prefix: oxo- if a higher-priorty group is present.
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| Alternate Prefix For Ketones | keto-
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| Note About Acetone's Significance As A Ketone | It is the smallest ketone
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| Alpha-Carbon | Carbon adjacent to the carbonyl carbon
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| Carboxylic Acids | Highest priority functional group because they contain three bonds to oxygen. One comes from a hydroxyl group, and two from a carbonyl group.
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| Suffix for Carboxylic Acids | Suffix: -oic acid
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| Esters | Carboxylic acid derivatives where -OH is replaced with -OR (an alkoxy group)
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| Suffix And Prefix For Esters | Suffix: -oate. Prefix: alkoxycarbonyl-
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| Amides | Replace hydroxyl group of a carboxylic acid with an amino group that may or may not be substituted.
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| Suffix And Prefix For Amides | Suffix: -amid. Prefix: -carbamoyl / amido-
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| Anhydrides | Formed from two carboxylic acids by dehydration. They can be symmetric (two of the same acid), asymmetric (two different acids), or cyclic (intramolecular reaction of a dicarboxylic acid)
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| Suffix For Anhydrides | Suffix: -anhydride in place of acid. If an anhydride is formed from more than one carboxylic acid, both are named in alphabetical order in the name before the word anhydride.
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| List Of Priority For Functional Groups | Carboxylic acid > anhydride > ester > amide > aldehyde > ketone > alcohol > alkene or alkyne > alkane
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