Western Civ II
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each of the black spaces below before clicking
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| Social Hierarchy | Social classes defined by law. All determined by wealth/birth. Very rigid.
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| Sumptuary Laws | Regulated the dress of different social classes so that you could tell what class someone was at a glance.
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| Artisans | skilled workers drawn from all levels of society from poor shoemakers and tailors to elite metal workers
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| Divine Right of Kings | King chosen by God, therefore, answers only to God. If you disobey the king, you are disobeying God.
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| Great Chain of Being | Hierarchy natural, ordained by God
Obedience to “betters”
Provides order, stability
Rebellion against this = rebellion against God
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| Primogeniture | Everything goes to the firstborn son
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| Gentry | Lower nobility, but still in the top 10%. Second born sons and beyond. Retired military, retired bourgeouisie.
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| Yeomen Farmers | A free man holding a small landed estate, a minor landowner, a small prosperous farmer (especially from the Elizabethan era to the 17th century), a deputy, assistant, journeyman, or a loyal or faithful servant.
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| Upper Nobility | Top 1%. Dukes, Earls, Barons, Counts-church leaders, Bishops, archbishops, abbots
Nobility = Aristocracy
By birth, though sometimes elevated. Landed estates--Power from land, not money
“business” = crass, sordid
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| Guilds | Controlled skilled trades, Open only to masters in town, rotected their interests.
How?
Limited competition
Set prices, production levels
Prohibited innovation
Determined who could enter trade
Regulations carried force of law
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| Bourgeoisie | Professional middle-class
Lawyers, printers, merchants, bankers
Small but growing class
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| Established Churches | Established by government; Went where told, Forced to donate $, Controlled schools, Strict censorship, No free inquiry, research, publishing.
Alliance of throne and altar
Ruling class
Hierarchy as natural
Obedience as Christian duty
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| Exploration | Early 15th century--Wealth, power, International presence
Trade, commerce, modern economy
God, Glory, Gold
Better maps, Improvements in shipbuilding, And technology (Mostly from Muslim scientists)
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| Prince Henry the Navigator | (1394 – 1460) sponsored Portugal's exploration. Western Africa, searched for gold. African slave trade into Iberian peninsula-
Trading centers, forts
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| Christopher Columbus | Westward route, Portugal rejected. Spain bankrolled (1492)-
Reached India?????
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| Amerigo Vespucci | New World, not India
Named after him
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| Hernando Cortez | Spanish Conquest of Aztecs. Defeated Montezuma 1519-20
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| Francisco Pizarro | Spanish Conquest of the Inca 1530's. Peru, South America
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| Capitalism | LIMITED--Prosperity might threaten social hierarchy
How to protect interests of landed elites?
Turned to mercantilism
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| Vasco da Gama | (1497-8) Direct route to India, Circumnavigating Africa
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| Spice Trade | from China, India, East Indies--Indian trade centers. Wanted to bypass the Muslims. Ultimately led to the New World
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| The Conquest | Colonization-->North America, South America, Caribbean islands...Spain dominant
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| Slave Trade | Field laborers More efficient, Labor-intensive crops:
Sugar, molasses (biggest); Tobacco; Rum; Coffee; Cotton
European/African traders-Dominated by Dutch and English
Middle Passage horrors
High death rate
Brutal treatment
Suicides
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| Encomienda | Spanish Conquistador/Indian Peasant Manor
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| Conquistadors | Spanish Aristocrat
Conquer for Spain-->Spread gospel message/Crusading spirit,
And make $$$$$.
R&R: Labor, rent, respect; But to pay wages; Protect Indians;
Christian instruction
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| Mercantilism | Government management:
Wealth fixed--Necessary--Government interests-->
Government-granted monopolies
Imported gold and silver
Subsidies to new industries
Tariffs on foreign goods
Warfare
Control of colonies
Central banks
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| Triangle Trade/TransAtlantic Trade | Manufactured goods, rum from Europe to Africa --> Slaves from Africa to New World --> New World crops to Europe
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| Absolutism | All-powerful kings, Divine right:
God’s ambassador
Treason = blasphemy, Romans 13: “Obey the higher powers”
Scandinavia
Spain
Portugal
But failures …..
England
Netherlands
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| Huguenots | French Calvanists
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| Junkers | Prussia Aristocrate
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| Romanovs | Russian Dynasty of Peter the Great
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| Cardinal Mazarin | Advisor to Louis 14.
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| Cardinal Richelieu | “Advisor” to Louis 13, Villain in Three Musketeers, Architect of French absolutism. died in 1642, replaced with Cardinal Mazarin
Persecuted Huguenots
Controlled nobles
Intendancy system
Doubled taxes
Methods copied by absolutists elsewhere
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| Jean Colbert | King Louis 14 Financial Minister
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| Hohenzollern Dynasty | Prussian King Frederick I
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| Bourbon Dynasty | French--King Henry 4, Louis 13, Louis 14....
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| Edict of Nantes | Peace Treaty between Catholics and Calvanists. Catholic gov't gave limited religious freedom to Calvanists. Henry 4
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| Intendancy System | Local affairs supervised by royal intendant. Royal presence always controlling.
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| King Frederick I | 1688 – 1713
Hohenzollern Dynasty
Prussian King
Won title King 1701
Prussia powerful, absolutist monarchy
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| Battle of Vienna | Austria blocked Ottoman expansion at Vienna (1688)
Crescent rolls (symbol of Ottomans)
To celebrate
Austrian princess later marries French prince
Austrian crescent became ….
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| Prussia | Duke Frederick William, Hohenzollern dynasty
Barriers to absolutism
Nobles hesitant
Junkers
Independent-minded
Refused tax increases
Weak military
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| Peter the Great | 1689-1725 Russian King Romanov dynasty
Traveled through the West
Modernization program
Including absolutism
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| Duke/Elector Frederick William | Son King Frederick I began Hohenzollern Dynasty
Prussia
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| The Fronde | Nobility/Gentry/Bourgeouisie Rebellion
Louis died 1643, son Louis XIV only 5 years old .
Nobles and bourgeoisie rebelled: Mazarin crushed
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| Henry 4 | France 1589-1610 Bourbon Dynasty--> Religious civil war, led Huguenots, converted when crowned. Popular w/ most, Peace, prosperity. Assas 1610 by a Catholic. Succeeded by son Louis 13
Edict of Nantes: Religious freedom in Huguenot towns Self-protection
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| Habsburg Dynasty | As Austrian King-All Powerful
As Holy Roman Emperor-No Power
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| Westernization | Russian Nobles – 5 yy foreign education, Exposed to West
Efficient bureaucracy:
Intendant syst
Tax collections..
Seized control of Orthodox Church: Became part of state
Military, naval expansion:
Life-long service for recruits
Taxes increased 500%
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| Versailles | Castle built by Louis 14
Symbol of his power
King center of social life
Access to king = power
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| St. Petersburg | Became the new capital of Russia. Very westernized
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| Loius 14 | (1643-1713) Most absolutist of all
“I am the state” Affected by Fronde Continued previous policies
Patronage
Versailles
Mercantilism
Religious conformity
Central police
Foreign wars
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| Great Chain of Being | God
Kings
Nobility and Church leaders
Landowners and masters
Servants, peasants, employees
Poor Women
Children
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| Patronage | Dependence on king (Louis 14)
Power from loyalty, not rebellion
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