anatomy Unit 15
Quiz yourself by thinking what should be in
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| digestion | a process to mechanically and chemically reduce food particles to molecules small enough to be absorbed into internal environment
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| function of the digestive system | to digest food to be absorbed by the blood
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| 2 parts of the digestive system | alimentary canal and accessory organs
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| alimentary canal | long tube thru which food passes; mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, and anus
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| accessory organs | teeth, salivary glands (3pairs), liver, gallbladder, pancreas
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| tasks | mechanical digestion and chemical digestion
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| mechanical digestion | break-up, mix & propel food
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| chemical digestion | release of digestive enzymes to split complex molecules into small absorbable particles that can pass thru intestine wall
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| four walls of alimentary canal | serosa, muscular layer, submucosa, mucosa
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| serosa | outer layer wall of the alimentary canal
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| muscular layer | wall of the alimentary canal that is responsible for peristalsis
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| peristalsis (on exam) | wave-like contractions
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| submucosa | submucosa layer
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| mucosa | mucous membrane layer of the alimentary canal; absorptive surface; columnar epithelial tissue; produce digestive secretions and mucosa
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| mouth | cheeks, palate and tongue; food moistened and chewed
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| bolus | small balls of chewed, moistened food
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| teeth | mechanically break up food
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| mastication | chewing
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| deciduous | baby
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| saliva produced by salivary glands | 99.5 % H2O
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| three salivary glands | parotid (ear); submandibular (floor of mouth); and sublingual (under tongue)
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| salivary amylase | breaks down starch and glycogen into maltose
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| lysozyme | kills certain bacteria
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| pharynx (throat) | epiglottis closes trachea to direct food to esophagus
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| esophagus | long tube from pharynx to stomach sphincter (muscle) at end...cardiac (esophageal) sphincter; muscle contractions move through esophagus; no digestive functions
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| stomach | when empty have rugae (numerous folds); three functions; temporary storage of food; mix food with gastric juices; start digestion of proteins by pepsin
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| rennin | enzyme that curdles milk
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| four types of secretory cells of gastric glands | chief cells, parietal cells, enteroendocrine cells, mucus cells
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| chief cells | pepsinogen which becomes pepsin to digest proteins
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| parietal cells (on exam) | secrete HCI
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| enteroendorcrine cells | gastrin; regulates muscle contraction and secretion
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| mucus cells | secrete mucus
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| helicobacter pylori | malfunctions of mucus cells; ulcers
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| two hormones | gastrin and secretin
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| gastrin | increased secretion of gastric juice
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| secretin | less secretion of gastric juice
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| pyloric sphincter | junction between stomach and small intestine; controls passage of chyme
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| small intestine | where most nutrient absorption take place
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| folds | circular folds, villi and microvilli increase the absorptive surface area
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| three regions of the small intestine | duodenum, jejunum, ileum
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| duodenum | first part; where bile enters and pancreatic juice
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| jejunum | middle part of the small intestine
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| ilieum | last part of the small intestine
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| pancreatic juice | strong enough all by itself for digestion
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| gallbladder | stores bile that the liver makes
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| bile | added to duodenum to speed digestion
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| emulsification | fat digestion
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| ileocecal valve | junction of small intestine and large intestine
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| large intestine | three segments; cecum, colon, rectum; absorption of water, minerals, and vitamins
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| cecum | large intestine segment; appendix hangs off
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| colon | large intestine segment; ascending; transverse;descending; sigmoid
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| rectum | large intestine segment; anal canal, anus, internal sphincter (involuntary), external sphincter (voluntary)
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| feces | lower colon; mass movements to defecate
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| 8 essential amino acids | must get from food our body cannot make them; methionine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, phenylalanine, threonine, tryptophan, valine
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| lipids | our body needs them; we make most of our own; the ones we cannot make are essential fatty acids (corn oil, olive oil)
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| bariatric surgery | for obesity
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