A&P.ch23.respirator
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| show | 1. gas exchange 2. regulation of blood pH 3. Voice production 4. olfaction 5. protection against microorganisms
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| gas exchange | show 🗑
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| show | respiratory system can alter blood pH by chaing blood carbon dioxide levels
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| voice production | show 🗑
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| olfaction | show 🗑
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| protection | show 🗑
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| show | external nose, nasal cavity, pharanynx, larynx, trachea, the bronchi & the lungs
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| upper respiratory tract | show 🗑
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| show | larynx, trachea, bronchi & lungs
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| what organs are responsible for respiratory movements? | show 🗑
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| nose or nasus | show 🗑
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| external nose | show 🗑
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| nasal cavity extends | show 🗑
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| vestibule | show 🗑
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| show | a bony plate covered by mucous membrane that forms the floor of the nasal cavity; it separates the nasal cavity from the oral cavity
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| show | partition dividing the nasal cavity into right & left parts - anterior portion is cartilage; posterior part consists of the vomer bone & the perpendicular plate of the ethmoid bone
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| show | when septum bulges to one side or other
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| show | resembling a conch shell - on side walls of nasal cavity -
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| meatus | show 🗑
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| show | several bones associated with nasal cavity have large cavities within them called paranasal sinuses, which open into the sinus cavity; their purpose is to decrease weight of skull & act as resonating chambers during voice production
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| nasal cavity has 5 functions: | show 🗑
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| passageway for air | show 🗑
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| cleans air | show 🗑
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| show | mark ariflow more turbulent; thereby forcing air toward mucous membran lining nasal cavity
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| what is nasal cavity/mucous membrane? | show 🗑
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| nasal cavity humidifies & warms air | show 🗑
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| show | sensory organ for smell, is in superior part of nasal cavity
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| show | common opening of both the digestive and respiratory systems; receive air from nasal cavity and air, food & drink from oral cavity
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| oropharynx | show 🗑
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| show | oral cavity opens into the oropharynx through the fauces; space between the cavity of the mouth & the pharynx
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| show | 6 are paired; 3 are single
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| show | thyroid "shield" or Adam's apple
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| most inferior cartilage in larynx? | show 🗑
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| show | epiglottis
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| how is epiglottis different from other cartilages in larynx? | show 🗑
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| show | attached to thyroud cartilage & projects as a free flap toward the tongue;during swallowing, it covers the opening of they larynx and prevents materials from entering it
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| superior ligament | show 🗑
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| inferior ligament | show 🗑
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| show | opening between vocal folds
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| functions of larynx (3) | show 🗑
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| voice production | show 🗑
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| what produces louder sound? | show 🗑
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| show | vocal cords are longer - it is vocal cord length & diameter which determine variation in voice
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| what determines pitch? | show 🗑
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| where are higher-pitched tones produced? | show 🗑
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| show | SKELETAL muscles which change the position and length of vocal folds
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| show | tube shaped
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| show | 1. a membranous tube that consists of DENSE Regular connective tissue and 2. smooth muscle 3. 15-20 C-shaped pieces of cartilage
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| show | a.) is devoid of cartilage b.) contains the trachelis muscle
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| what is trachealis muscle? | show 🗑
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| mucous membrane has (3 main) | show 🗑
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| smokers cause constant irritation to trachae | show 🗑
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| show | length of 10-12 cm, descending from the larynx to the level of the FIFTH thoracic vertebra
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| what happens at FIFTH thoracic vertebra? | show 🗑
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| what structure actually forms the separation of the trachea? | show 🗑
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| carina contains | show 🗑
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| show | from arytenoids to thyroid cartilage
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| show | is covered by vestibular folds or false vocal folds
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| what is purpose of vestibular folds (also called false vocal folds?) | show 🗑
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| show | is covered by true vocal cords or vocal folds
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| show | called the glottis
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| where is arytenoid? what does it mean? | show 🗑
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| show | 1.) thyroid and cricoid cartilages maintain open passageway for air movement 2; epiglottis and vestibular folds prevent swallowed material from going into larynx and 3. vocal folds are primary source of sound production
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| show | 1. air vibrates vocal folds and produces sound waves 2. greater air pressure produces louder sound 3. variation in voice depends on vocal cord length and diameter 4. males have longer vocal cords 5. modifications are made by tongue, lips & teeth
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| trachea | show 🗑
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| predmoninant cell type | show 🗑
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| what else lines the trachea | show 🗑
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| smokers | show 🗑
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| show | from larynx to level of 5th thoracic vertebrae (the trachea loves the 5th dimension)
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| main (primary) bronchi | show 🗑
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| carina | show 🗑
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| show | 1. Heimlich maneuver 2. intubation & 3. tracheostomy
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| show | force object out of the air passage by application of pressure to abdomen
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| show | insert tube through mouth or nose through trachea - sometimes, an opening must be made to pass the tube
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| tracheostomy | show 🗑
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| tracheotomy | show 🗑
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| show | tracheobronchial TREE
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| what are the two divisions of the tracheobronchial tree? | show 🗑
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| conducting zone | show 🗑
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| show | conducting zone functions as a passageway for air movement and contains epithelial tissue that helps to remove debris from the air & move it out of the tracheobronchial tree
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| respiratory zone | show 🗑
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| main bronchi divide into | show 🗑
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| show | three
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| show | two
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| show | the right bronchus is shorter than the left
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| show | C-shaped cartilage and smooth muscle
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| show | cartilage plates; and smooth muscle forms a layer between cartilage & mucous membrane
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| as bronchi become smaller | show 🗑
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| terminal bronchiles have _______ and smooth muscle becomes _______________ | show 🗑
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| Why is there less & less cartilage in bronchioles? | show 🗑
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| During exercise, what happens in airpassageways? | show 🗑
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| show | contraction of smooth muscle in terminal bronchioles (with no cartilage in walls) results in decreased diameter, increased resistance to airflow & greatly reduced airflow; even causing death
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| bronchi are lined with (4 characteristics) | show 🗑
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| larger bronchioles are lined with | show 🗑
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| terninal bronchioles | show 🗑
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| show | functions as a mucus-cilia escalator - which traps debris in the air & removes it from respiratory system
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| terminal bronchioles divide to form | show 🗑
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| respiratory bronchioles divide to form even smaller respiratory bronchioles & then | show 🗑
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| what are alveolar ducts like? | show 🗑
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| show | alveoli
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| show | alveoli
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| show | alveolar saces - whcih are chambers connect tot to more alveoli
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| show | elastic fibers
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| how man alveoli in two lungs? | show 🗑
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| What two types of cells form the alveolar wall? | show 🗑
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| Type I pneumocytes | show 🗑
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| show | round or cube-shaped secretory cells that produce surfactant
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| alveoli (definition) | show 🗑
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| show | Elastic fibers - lungs are very elastic & can expand & recoil during inspiration & expiration
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| show | where gas exchange between air & blood takes place-formed by alveolar walls & surrounding pulmonary capillaries--also by respiratory bronchioles & alveolar ducts
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| what are components of respiratory membrane? | show 🗑
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| show | they are among the largest organs of the body
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| lung is _____ in shape | show 🗑
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| the base of the lung rests on the | show 🗑
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| show | apex - extending superiorly to the clavicle
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| which lung is larger? | show 🗑
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| how many lobes does each lung have? | show 🗑
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| root of the lung is called | show 🗑
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| show | region on medial surface of lung where structures, such as main bronchus, blood vessels, nerves & lymphatic vessels, enter or exit the lung
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| show | No-each lobe is seperated by promnent fissures & supplied by a lobar bronchus
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| Why are lobes independent? | show 🗑
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| lobes are then subdivided into | show 🗑
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| show | Right lung has 10 - left lung has nine
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| bronchopulmonary segements are subdivided into lobules | show 🗑
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| thoracic cavity | show 🗑
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| thoracic wall | show 🗑
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| muscles of inspiration | show 🗑
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| show | internal intercostals & abdominal muscles
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| show | each lung has separate pleural cavity
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| show | the mediastinum (which contains heart; pluse trache esophagus & associated structures)
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| parietal layer | show 🗑
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| show | they connect at the hilum
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| show | covers surface of lung & fissures between lobes
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| show | 1.lubricates as lungs & thorax changes shape during respiration 2. hold the parietal & visceral pleural membranes together - like glass pieces with water - they will slide past each other but you can't separate them
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| show | 1. pulmonary circuit 2. systemic circulation and 3. anatomic shunt
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| show | deoxygenated blood flows from the right ventricle to the pulmonary arteries to plumonary capillaries, become oxygenated, and returns to the heart through plumonary veins.
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| show | bring oxygenated blood to the tissues of the bronchi down to the respiratory bronchioles; oxygenated blood flows from the thoracic aorta through bronchial arteries to capillaries, where oxygen is released; then deoxygenated blood returns to the heart thro
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| anatomic shunt | show 🗑
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| "Shunted" blood | show 🗑
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| show | shunted blood that pas through pumonary capillaries but does not become fully oxygenated - occurs during heart attack or asthma attack
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| show | 1) superficial 2.) deep
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| show | "superficial" but still meaningfull-drains visceral pleura & superficial lung tissue-exits lung at hilum
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| deep lymphatic vessels | show 🗑
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| show | NO
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| show | phagocytic cells within lungs eat them, move them to lymphatic vessels - older people can have grey lungs if they live in polluted city
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| show | process of moving air into & out of the lungs
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| show | Pressure of gas is inversely proportional to volume (the greater the volume, the less pressure) Boyle's Law
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| Dalton's Law | show 🗑
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| why is dalton's law important? | show 🗑
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| show | gas does not dissolve easily in liquid; however carbon dioxid is 24 times more soluble than oxygen--CO2 passes out through respiratory membrane easier than oxygen
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| show | gas exhcnage between air in lungs & blood
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| show | gas exchange between blood & tissues
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| Pulmonary ventilation is explained by | show 🗑
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| show | P(with B subscript) always expressed as "zero" even if on a mountain or at sea level
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| what is alveolar pressure: | show 🗑
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| show | they are equal
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| show | inspriatory muscles INCREASE VOLUME of lungs & alveolar
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| show | as VOLUME INCREASES - pressure DECREASES - falling to -1cm H2O
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| show | alveolar pressure becomes equal to barometric air pressure (because enough air has come into lungs)
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| during expiration | show 🗑
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| show | because of lung recoil
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| show | 1.) elastic recoil & 2. surfactant
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| elastic recoil | show 🗑
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| surfactant | show 🗑
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| show | water molecules produce force from polarity (such as when spiders walk on water) - surfactant reduces this "pull" which would collapse alveoli when air is leaving
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| show | also called hyaline membrane disease
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| show | in infants with less than 7 months gestation aga
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| show | therefore, the lungs collapse in premature infants - Mom is given steroid injection -or they try to stop labor
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| pleural pressure | show 🗑
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| when pleural pressure is LESS than alveolar pressure | show 🗑
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| in normal breathing, pleural pressure is slightly less than avleolar pressure | show 🗑
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| show | "suction effect" of fluid removal by lymphatic system & lung recoil
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| why don't deflated lungs pull away from thoracic wall? | show 🗑
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| lungs collapse because of | show 🗑
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| what is medical term for introduction of air into pleural cavity? | show 🗑
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| pneumo- | show 🗑
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| show | bond between 2 pleural layers is broken - there is nothing to counteract lung recoil
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| tension pneumothorax | show 🗑
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