A&P.ch23.respirator
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| functions of respiratory system (6) | show 🗑
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| gas exchange | show 🗑
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| regulation of blood pH | show 🗑
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| voice production | show 🗑
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| olfaction | show 🗑
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| show | respiratory system provide protection against microorganisms by preventing them from entering body & removing them from respiraotry surfaces
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| show | external nose, nasal cavity, pharanynx, larynx, trachea, the bronchi & the lungs
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| show | nose, pharynx and associated structures
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| show | larynx, trachea, bronchi & lungs
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| what organs are responsible for respiratory movements? | show 🗑
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| show | consists of external nose & nasal cavity
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| show | consists of visible structure; cartilage plates; bridge consists of nasal bones plus extensions of the fronatal & maxillary bones
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| show | from nares (or nostrils) to the choanae (opening into the pharynx)
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| show | anterior portion of each naris (or nostril); lined with stratified squamous epithelium
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| show | a bony plate covered by mucous membrane that forms the floor of the nasal cavity; it separates the nasal cavity from the oral cavity
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| nasal septum | show 🗑
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| show | when septum bulges to one side or other
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| conchae | show 🗑
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| meatus | show 🗑
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| paranasal sinuses | show 🗑
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| show | 1. passageway for air 2. cleans the air 3. humidifies & warms the air 4. olfactory epithelium is located in nasal cavity 5. nasal cavity & paranasal sinuses are resonating chambers for speech
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| show | even when mouth is full of food
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| cleans air | show 🗑
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| show | mark ariflow more turbulent; thereby forcing air toward mucous membran lining nasal cavity
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| what is nasal cavity/mucous membrane? | show 🗑
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| show | moisture from mucus & from excess tears that drain into nasal cavity are added to air; also, warm blood flowing through mucous membrane warms the air
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| olfactory epithelium | show 🗑
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| show | common opening of both the digestive and respiratory systems; receive air from nasal cavity and air, food & drink from oral cavity
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| show | extends from soft palate to the epiglottis
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| fauces | show 🗑
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| larynx cartilages | show 🗑
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| show | thyroid "shield" or Adam's apple
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| show | cricoid "ring-shaped" forms the base of the larynx on which the other cartilages rest
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| 3rd unpaired cartilage? | show 🗑
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| show | is consists of ELASTIC cartilage [others consist of hyaline cartilage]
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| show | attached to thyroud cartilage & projects as a free flap toward the tongue;during swallowing, it covers the opening of they larynx and prevents materials from entering it
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| superior ligament | show 🗑
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| show | covered by true vocal cords also called vocal folds
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| what is glottis? | show 🗑
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| show | 1. thyroid and cricoid cartilages maintain open passageway for air movement 2. epiglottis & vestibular folds prevent swallowed material from moving into the larynx and vocal cords provide soundproduction
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| show | air vibrates folds & produces sound waves
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| show | greater air pressure
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| what causes male voices to be lower? | show 🗑
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| what determines pitch? | show 🗑
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| where are higher-pitched tones produced? | show 🗑
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| movement of arytenoid & other cartilages is controlled by | show 🗑
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| show | tube shaped
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| trachea consists of (3) main components | show 🗑
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| the posterior of the trachea | show 🗑
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| show | elastic ligamentous membrane and bundles of smooth muscle - contraction narrows the trachea; during coughing, this action expels mucus and foreign objects.
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| mucous membrane has (3 main) | show 🗑
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| smokers cause constant irritation to trachae | show 🗑
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| show | length of 10-12 cm, descending from the larynx to the level of the FIFTH thoracic vertebra
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| what happens at FIFTH thoracic vertebra? | show 🗑
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| show | the CARINA is the most inferior tracheal cartilage which separates the openings into the main bronchi
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| carina contains | show 🗑
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| larynx - ligaments extend | show 🗑
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| show | is covered by vestibular folds or false vocal folds
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| what is purpose of vestibular folds (also called false vocal folds?) | show 🗑
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| show | is covered by true vocal cords or vocal folds
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| show | called the glottis
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| where is arytenoid? what does it mean? | show 🗑
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| show | 1.) thyroid and cricoid cartilages maintain open passageway for air movement 2; epiglottis and vestibular folds prevent swallowed material from going into larynx and 3. vocal folds are primary source of sound production
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| voice production: (5) | show 🗑
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| trachea | show 🗑
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| predmoninant cell type | show 🗑
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| what else lines the trachea | show 🗑
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| smokers | show 🗑
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| show | from larynx to level of 5th thoracic vertebrae (the trachea loves the 5th dimension)
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| main (primary) bronchi | show 🗑
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| show | cartilage - the most inferior cartilage of trachea -
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| show | 1. Heimlich maneuver 2. intubation & 3. tracheostomy
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| show | force object out of the air passage by application of pressure to abdomen
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| intubation | show 🗑
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| show | make an opening in trachea-intended to be permanent, and tube is insert
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| show | "tome" means incision - this is the actual cutting - should not be done in emergency because arteries, nerves, etc. lie over the anterior surface of the trachea
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| show | tracheobronchial TREE
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| what are the two divisions of the tracheobronchial tree? | show 🗑
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| show | extends from trachea to samll tubes called terminal bronchioles
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| show | conducting zone functions as a passageway for air movement and contains epithelial tissue that helps to remove debris from the air & move it out of the tracheobronchial tree
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| show | extends from terminal bronchioles to alveoli
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| main bronchi divide into | show 🗑
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| show | three
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| show | two
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| which main bronchus is shorter, has a wider diameter and is more vertical? | show 🗑
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| main bronchi are supported by (2) | show 🗑
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| in lobar bronchi, C-shaped cartilages are replace with | show 🗑
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| show | cartilage becomes more spares and mooth muscle becomes more abundant
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| show | terminal bronchioles have NO cartilage & the smooth muscle layer is prominent
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| Why is there less & less cartilage in bronchioles? | show 🗑
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| During exercise, what happens in airpassageways? | show 🗑
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| asthma attack | show 🗑
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| bronchi are lined with (4 characteristics) | show 🗑
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| show | ciliated simple columnar epithelium
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| terninal bronchioles | show 🗑
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| what is the function of the epithelium in the conducting part of the air passageway? | show 🗑
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| show | respiratory bronchioles
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| show | alveolar ducts
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| show | long branching hallways with many open doorways
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| the "open doorways" open into | show 🗑
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| show | alveoli
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| show | alveolar saces - whcih are chambers connect tot to more alveoli
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| tissue surrounding the alveoli contains | show 🗑
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| how man alveoli in two lungs? | show 🗑
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| What two types of cells form the alveolar wall? | show 🗑
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| Type I pneumocytes | show 🗑
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| show | round or cube-shaped secretory cells that produce surfactant
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| show | Means "hollow cavity" small air-filled chambers which are the sites of gas exchange between the air and blood
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| alveoli are covered with | show 🗑
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| show | where gas exchange between air & blood takes place-formed by alveolar walls & surrounding pulmonary capillaries--also by respiratory bronchioles & alveolar ducts
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| show | alvolar epithelium plus the basement membrane of alveolar epithelium then there is a space, then basement membrane of capillary endothelium , then the capillary endothelium itself - enables CO2 & Oxygen to diffuse across surface
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| show | they are among the largest organs of the body
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| show | CONICAL (not comical)like a cone
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| the base of the lung rests on the | show 🗑
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| the top of the lung is the | show 🗑
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| which lung is larger? | show 🗑
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| how many lobes does each lung have? | show 🗑
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| show | the hilum
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| Hilum of lung (there are other "hilums" in body) | show 🗑
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| show | No-each lobe is seperated by promnent fissures & supplied by a lobar bronchus
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| show | if one becomes diseased, it can be cut out, because major blood vessels don't cross the connective tissue partitions
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| show | broncho pulmonary segements - connective tissue makes each one stand alone
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| show | Right lung has 10 - left lung has nine
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| bronchopulmonary segements are subdivided into lobules | show 🗑
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| thoracic cavity | show 🗑
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| thoracic wall | show 🗑
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| show | diaphragm, external intercostals, pectoralis minor(on chest) & scalenes (neck muscles) also sternocleidomastoid)
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| show | internal intercostals & abdominal muscles
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| pleural membrane | show 🗑
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| what separates the lungs? | show 🗑
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| show | cover inner thoracic wall, superior surface of the diaphram & and the mediastinum
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| where is parietal layer continuous with the visceral layer? | show 🗑
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| show | covers surface of lung & fissures between lobes
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| show | 1.lubricates as lungs & thorax changes shape during respiration 2. hold the parietal & visceral pleural membranes together - like glass pieces with water - they will slide past each other but you can't separate them
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| blood supply | show 🗑
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| pulmonary circulation | show 🗑
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| systemic circulation - for the lungs | show 🗑
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| anatomic shunt | show 🗑
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| "Shunted" blood | show 🗑
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| show | shunted blood that pas through pumonary capillaries but does not become fully oxygenated - occurs during heart attack or asthma attack
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| show | 1) superficial 2.) deep
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| show | "superficial" but still meaningfull-drains visceral pleura & superficial lung tissue-exits lung at hilum
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| deep lymphatic vessels | show 🗑
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| show | NO
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| how does dirt & carbon get out of lungs? | show 🗑
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| show | process of moving air into & out of the lungs
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| general gas law | show 🗑
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| show | partial pressure of a gas in a mixture of gases is the percentage of the gas in the mixture times the total pressure of the misture of gases
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| why is dalton's law important? | show 🗑
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| show | gas does not dissolve easily in liquid; however carbon dioxid is 24 times more soluble than oxygen--CO2 passes out through respiratory membrane easier than oxygen
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| external respiration | show 🗑
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| internal respiration | show 🗑
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| Pulmonary ventilation is explained by | show 🗑
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| what is atmospheric pressure (to respiratory physiologists) | show 🗑
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| what is alveolar pressure: | show 🗑
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| show | they are equal
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| during inspriation | show 🗑
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| what happens to alveolar pressure during inspiration?? | show 🗑
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| show | alveolar pressure becomes equal to barometric air pressure (because enough air has come into lungs)
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| during expiration | show 🗑
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| why don't the lungs collapse when all the air rushes out??? | show 🗑
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| show | 1.) elastic recoil & 2. surfactant
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| elastic recoil | show 🗑
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| show | like a bubble, the lung produces lipoprotein molecules (Type II pneumocytes) which reduce water surface tension
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| show | water molecules produce force from polarity (such as when spiders walk on water) - surfactant reduces this "pull" which would collapse alveoli when air is leaving
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| show | also called hyaline membrane disease
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| show | in infants with less than 7 months gestation aga
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| show | therefore, the lungs collapse in premature infants - Mom is given steroid injection -or they try to stop labor
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| show | P subtext pl - pressure in the pleural cavity
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| when pleural pressure is LESS than alveolar pressure | show 🗑
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| in normal breathing, pleural pressure is slightly less than avleolar pressure | show 🗑
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| why is pleural pressure lower? | show 🗑
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| show | because pleural fluids holds visceral & parietal pleurae together (like glass pieces with water in between)
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| lungs collapse because of | show 🗑
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| what is medical term for introduction of air into pleural cavity? | show 🗑
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| show | presence of air or gas
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| show | bond between 2 pleural layers is broken - there is nothing to counteract lung recoil
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| tension pneumothorax | show 🗑
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