Membranes, Skin Layers, Muscles, Fractures, Glands
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| Mucous Membranes | Line the interior walls of organs and tubes opening to the outside of the body, such as those of the digestive, respiratory, urinary, and reproductive systems.
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| Serous Membranes | Lines cavities, including the thoracic cavities and internal organ's (eg. heart)
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| Synovial Membranes | Line joint cavities and are composed of connective tissue
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| Meninges | Composed of 3 connective tissue membranes found within the dorsal cavity and severe as a protective covering of the brain and spinal cord.
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| Cutaneous Membrane | Forms the outer covering of the body and consists of a thin outer layer of stratified squamous epithelium attached to a thicker underlying layer of connective tissue. The Cutaneous membrane is skin
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| Stratum Corneum | Also called the horny layer; outermost layer
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| Stratum Lucidun (Palms and soles) | Clear Layer
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| Stratum Granulosum | Granular layer of cells. They accumulate two types of granules; keratohyaline granules and lamellated granules
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| Stratum Spinosum | Composed of prickle cells
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| Stratume Basale (Stratum Germinativum) | Deepest of the five layers, made of basal cells
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| Stratum Papillare | Thin superficial layer interlocked with the epidermis
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| Stratum Reticulare | Thick layer of dense, irregular connective tissue
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| Bones | Long, Tubular (referred to as long bones), Short, Seasmoid (shaped like a sesame seed), Cuboidal (Also referred to as short bones), Flat, Irregular
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| Long Bone | Bones longer than they are wide and found in the limbs (eg. femur and humerus). These bones are named for their elongated shape, not their size
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| Tubular | Also referred to as long
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| Short | Roughly cube-shaped bones such as carpals bones of the wrist and tarsal bones of the ankle
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| Sesamoid (" shaped like a sesame seed") | A short bone formed within tendons; cartilaginous in early life and osseous (bony) in the adult. The patella is the largest sesamoid bone in the body
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| Cuboidal | Also referred to as a short bone
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| Flat | Consist of a layer of spongy bone between two thin layers of compact bone; cross - section is flat, not rounded. Flat bones have marrow, but lack a bone marrow cavity. Skull and Ribs are examples.
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| Irregular | Bones in the body not fitting into the above categories mentioned; several are found in the face, such as the zygoma. Vertebrae are also considered irregular bones
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| Closed Fracture | Does not involve a break in the skin
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| Compound Fracture | Projects through the skin with a possibility of infection
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| Comminuted Fracture | More than two separate bone components - segmental fracture, bony fragments
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| Transverse Fracture | Breaks shaft bone across the longitudal axis
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| Greenstick Fracture | Only one side of a shaft is broken, and other is bent; common in children
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| Spiral Fracture | Spread along the length of a bone and produced by twisting stress
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| Colle's Frature | Occurs in the wrist and affects the distal radius bone.
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| Compression Fracture | Vertebrae Collapse due to trama, tumor, or osteoporisis
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| Epiphyseal Fracture | Occurs when matrix is calcifying and chondrocytes are dying; usually seen in children
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| Skeletal Muscle | Also called striated muscle , is attached to the skeleton by tendons; contraction of skeletal muscle is under voluntary control
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| Cardiac Muscle | Also called the heart muscle, contains interlocking involuntary striated muscle as well as smooth muscle, which allow the electrical impulses to pass quickly across the muscle fibers
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| Smooth Muscle | Found in the walls of all the hollow organs of the body (except the heart). Its contraction reduces the sizes of these structures; movement generally is considered involuntary (not under voluntary control).
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| Adrenal Glands | Ductless, pyramid-shaped glands are situated on the top of the superior end of each Kidney. 2 structural parts of the adrenal gland.Inner portion is the medulla. Outer portion is the cortex. Medulla secretes epinephrine. Cortex secretes several steroids.
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| Carotid Body | A structure made of epithelial-like cells located on each side of the body at the bifurcation of the common carotid artery. Not a True endocrine structure
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| Parathyroid Gland | Small round bodies located on the posterior of the thyroid gland. Regulate Calcium and phosphorus metabolism
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| Pituitary Gland | Also called Hypophysis cerebi/ Single gland -2 separate parts - Located brain under hypothalamus.
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| Thymus Gland | Composed of lymphoid tissue and located in the mediastinum of the chest. Largest at birth
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| Thyroid Gland | Regulates metabolism and serum calcium levels through secretion of thyroid hormone.
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| White Blood Cells | Leukocytes or WBCS. Body's primary defense
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| Red Blood Cells | Erythrocytes or RBCS. Disked shaped cells containing hemoglobin enabling cells to pick and deliver oxygen to all the parts of the body. Erythrocyte disorders ex- anemia and polycythemia
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| Platelets | Thrombocytes. Form clusters to plug small holes in blood vessels and assist in clotting.
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