Respiratory and Urinary
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| epiglottis | uppermost cartilage of larynx; closes during swallowing to direct foods and liquids into esophagus
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| pleura | serous membrane covering the lungs and thoracic cavity
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| septum | vertical plate of bone and cartilage that separates nasal cavity into 2 halves
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| asthma | when someones exposed to an allergen or other respiratory irritant,bronchioles constrict and spasm
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| expiration | repetitive process of exhaling
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| inspiration | repetitive process of inhaling
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| pneumothorax | if thoracic wall is punctured, air will rush in pleural cavity,causing a space to fill with air.as a result neg. pressure that characterizes pleural cavity is lost & lung coils and collapses.
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| pneumothorax | air can also enter pleural space when weakened or diseased alveoli ruptures , causes disruption in visceral pleura, and air from lung enters pleural cavity
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| emphysema | progressive lung disease in which lung tissue surrounding alveoli is destroyed
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| heimlich maneuver | effective maneuver for dislodging a foreign object in someone who is choking
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| heimlich maneuver | uses residual volume of air already in lungs to expel an object in the trachea
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| respiratory system divided into 2 tracts | upper respiratory and lower respiratory
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| upper respiratory | nasal cavity, nasopharynx, oropharynx,laryngopharynx, larynx,pharynx
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| what makes up pharynx | nasopharynx, oropharynx,laryngopharynx
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| lower respiratory | trachea, left and right, primary bronchi, bronchioles, left lung lower lobe, diaphragm
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| functionally respiratory system also includes | oral cavity, rib cage, respiratory muscles (incl. diaphragm)
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| what do upper respiratory structures do | warm & humidify inspired air. also responsible for sense of taste & smell as well as chewing &swallowing food
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| what happens in nose and nasal cavities | air enters and leaves respiratory system
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| conchae | 3 bones projecting from lateral wall of each cavity
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| branches of olfactory nerve | responsible for sense of smell
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| what penetrates upper nasal cavity and leads to the brain | branches of olfactory nerve
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| conchae | create narrow passages ensuring most air contacts mucous membranes on way through, air picks up moisture and heat from mucosa
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| conchae | at same time dust sticks to mucus which is then swallowed
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| drains mucus into nasal cavity | sphenoid sinus as well as other paranasal sinuses ( frontal, maxillary, ethmoidal sinuses)
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| pharynx | also called throat and is divided into 3 regions
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| nasopharynx | extends from posterior nares to soft palate, contains opening for right and left auditory (eustachian) tubes
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| oropharynx | space between soft palate and base of tongue , contains palatine tonsils as well as lingual tonsils, found at base of tongue
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| palatine tonsils | most commonly removed by tonsillectomy
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| laryngopharynx | passes dorsal to larynx and connects to esophagus
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| where does only air pass through | nasopharynx
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| where does both food and air pass through | oropharynx and laryngopharynx
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| larynx | lies between root of tongue and upper end of trachea (also called voicebox)
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| what are 3 functions of larynx | prevent food & liquid from entering trachea,acts as an air passageway between pharynx & trachea, produces sound
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| larynx | formed by 9 pieces of cartilage that keep it from collapsing
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| what do group of ligaments do | bind pieces of cartilage together and to adjacent structures in the neck
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| epiglottis | closes over top of larynx during swallowing to direct food & liquids into the esophagus
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| what is the uppermost cartilage | epiglottis
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| what is largest piece of cartilage | thyroid cartilage which is also known as adams apple
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| mucous membrane | lines the larynx and forms 2 pairs of folds
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| vestibular folds---superior pair | sometimes false vocal cords, play no role in speech
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| vestibular folds--inferior pair | vocal cords, produce sound when air passes over them
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| vestibular folds | close glottis during swallowing to keep food and liquids out of airway
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| glottis | opening between the cords
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| lower respiratory tract | trachea, bronchi and lungs
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| distribute air to interior of lungs | trachea and bronchi
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| where does gas exchange occur | deep within lungs
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| c shaped rings of cartilage | encircle trachea to reinforce it and keep from collapsing during inhalation
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| open part of c | faces posteriorly giving esophagus room to expand during swallowing
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| carina | cartilaginous ridge where trachea extends from the larynx
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| trachea branches into 2 primary bronchi | at the carina
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| supported by c shaped rings of cartilage also like trachea | primary bronchi
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| all divisions of bronchial tree consist of elastic connective tissue | true
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| what is most likely location for aspirated(inhaled) food particles and small objects to lodge | right bronchus because is slightly wider than left
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| alveolar sacs | clusters of alveoli where alveolar ducts throughout the lungs terminate
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| primary structures for gas exchange | alveolar sacs
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| alveoli | lung passages all exist to serve: wrapped in a fine mesh of capillaries
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| what allows for efficient gas exchange | extremely thin walls of alveoli and closeness of capillaries
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| where does exchange of air occur | through respiratory membrane, which consists of alveolar epithelium,capillary endothelium, and their joined basement membranes
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| surfactant | substance that helps reduce surface tension to keep alveolus from collapsing as air moves in and out during respiration
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| lungs | fill pleural cavity;extend from just above clavicles to diaphragm and lie against anterior and posterior ribs
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| hilum | opening on lungs medial surface where primary bronchi and pulmonary blood vessels enter each lung
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| shorter, broader and larger lung | right lung
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| top of each lung | apex
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| visceral pleura | serous membrane that covers the surface of the lungs , extending into fissures
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| parietal pleura | lines entire thoracic cavity
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| pleural cavity | space between visceral and parietal pleurae
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| 2 functions of fluid in pleural cavity | lubricates pleural surfaces,allowing 2 surfaces 2 glide against each other as lungs expand & contract; creates a pressure gradient that assists in lung inflation
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| pulmonary ventilation | simply breathing
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| main muscle responsible for pulmonary ventilation | diaphragm
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| external intercostals | muscles pull ribs upwards and outward, widening the thoracic cavity
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| internal intercostals | help elevate the ribs
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| diaphragm | contracts,flattens and drops, pressing abdominal organs down and enlarging thoracic cavity and then air rushes in to equalize pressure
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| accessory muscles | join in during times of forced or labored breathing to assist with breathing
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| deep inspiration | muscles of neck (sternocleidomastoids and scalenes) and chest (pectoralis minor) contract to help elevate the chest
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| forced expiration | rectus abdominus & external abdominal obliques contract to pull down the ribs &sternum, reducing chest size & expelling air more rapidly
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| primary respiratory center | inspiratory center
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| atmospheric pressure | pressure that drives respiration and is also the weight of the air around us
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| apneustic center | stimulates inspiratory center to increase length and depth of inspiration
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| pneumotaxic center | inhibits both apneustic and inspiratory center; contributes to a normal breathing rhythm and prevents overinflation of the lungs
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| asthma | most common illness in children
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| changes with aging | decreased mobility of chest wall;increased lung rigidity; decreased number and dilation of alveoli; weakened respiratory muscles;reduced volume of respiratory fluids
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| emphysema | progressive lung disease in which lung tissue surrounding alveoli is destroyed
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| lower respiratory | structures located inside of thoracic cavity
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| upper respiratory | structures located outside of thoracic cavity
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| diuresis | increased secretion of urine
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| diuretics | drugs that are administered to increase urine volume
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| lithotripsy | uses ultrasound to disintegrate kidney stone into particles small enough to pass through urinary tract
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| micturition | urination
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| oliguria | urine output of less than 400 ml/day that's insufficient for clearing waste products
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| urinary system contains | kidneys, ureters, urethra and urinary bladder
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| function of kidneys | produces hormones, ph regulation,absorbs mineralsand filters blood ,prod urine, waste excretion, water level balancing, BP regulation, red blood cell reg, acid reg
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| external appearance of kidney | dark red and bean shaped, one side bulges outward and other side is indented
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| bladders function | stores urine until it can be eliminated
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| passageways for conducting urine away from kidneys and out of body | ureters and urethra
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| ureters | slender, muscular tubes that connect renal pelvis of each kidney with bladder
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| urinary bladder | in women resides in front of vagina and uterus in men rests on top of prostate gland
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| detrusor muscle | wall of bladder that consists of 3 layers of smooth muscles
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| hemodialysis | blood pumped from patients radial artery to dialysis machine (artificial kidney).in machine blood flows through semi permeable tubes immersed in dialysis fluid. Waste prod. diffuse out of blood &into dialysis fluid which is then discarded
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| peritoneal dialysis | peritoneum serves as semi permeable membrane, dialysis fluid is intro. into peritoneal cavity through catheter,fluid left in body cavity for a few min-hour,waste prod. diffuses out of blood and into dialysate at end of time fluid is drained and discarded
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| common cause of kidney damage and kidney failure | uncontrolled hypertension
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| filtration | blood pressure forces filtrate out of glomerular capillaries into bowmans capsule, then into proximal tubule;blood cells proteins and other lg solutes cant pass capillary wall into capsule;water, glucose , sodium and urea are forced out
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| reabsorption | takes place in tubular parts of nephron where water &solutes move across tubular wall out of nephron(by diffusion or active transport) & into surrounding capillaries
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| secretion | moves substances from capillaries into nephron walls; capillaries surrounding nephrons secrete excess amounts of hydrogen ions and potassium ions into nephron tubules;also rids body of drugs,uric acid,hemoglobin breakdown products and other wastes
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| urination | reflex response which empties the bladder
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| internal urethral sphincter | (involuntary control) regulates flow from bladder into urethra
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| external urethral sphincter | (voluntary control) opens to void urine from the body
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| kidney stones | deposits of uric acid that collect in the renal pelvis or lodge in ureter; can be removed by surgery or lithotripsy
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| renal cortex | outer region of kidney
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| renal medulla | forms inner region
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| renal columns | extensions from renal cortex that divide interior region into cone shaped sections
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| renal pyramids | cone shaped section that consists of tubules for transporting urine away from cortex, base of each pyramid faces outward toward the cortex
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| renal papilla | point of pyramid that faces the hilum
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| minor calyx | a cup that renal papilla extends into and it collects urine leaving the papilla
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| major calyx | two or three minor calyces joined together
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| renal pelvis | major calyces converge to form, receives urine from major calyces. continues into ureter
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| ureter | tube like structure that channels urine to the urinary bladder
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| nephrons | filtration unit of the kidneys that lie in the kidneys outer region, where they extend between the cortex and medulla, each one is well supplied with blood
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