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Test 9 notes
Respiratory and Urinary
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| epiglottis | uppermost cartilage of larynx; closes during swallowing to direct foods and liquids into esophagus |
| pleura | serous membrane covering the lungs and thoracic cavity |
| septum | vertical plate of bone and cartilage that separates nasal cavity into 2 halves |
| asthma | when someones exposed to an allergen or other respiratory irritant,bronchioles constrict and spasm |
| expiration | repetitive process of exhaling |
| inspiration | repetitive process of inhaling |
| pneumothorax | if thoracic wall is punctured, air will rush in pleural cavity,causing a space to fill with air.as a result neg. pressure that characterizes pleural cavity is lost & lung coils and collapses. |
| pneumothorax | air can also enter pleural space when weakened or diseased alveoli ruptures , causes disruption in visceral pleura, and air from lung enters pleural cavity |
| emphysema | progressive lung disease in which lung tissue surrounding alveoli is destroyed |
| heimlich maneuver | effective maneuver for dislodging a foreign object in someone who is choking |
| heimlich maneuver | uses residual volume of air already in lungs to expel an object in the trachea |
| respiratory system divided into 2 tracts | upper respiratory and lower respiratory |
| upper respiratory | nasal cavity, nasopharynx, oropharynx,laryngopharynx, larynx,pharynx |
| what makes up pharynx | nasopharynx, oropharynx,laryngopharynx |
| lower respiratory | trachea, left and right, primary bronchi, bronchioles, left lung lower lobe, diaphragm |
| functionally respiratory system also includes | oral cavity, rib cage, respiratory muscles (incl. diaphragm) |
| what do upper respiratory structures do | warm & humidify inspired air. also responsible for sense of taste & smell as well as chewing &swallowing food |
| what happens in nose and nasal cavities | air enters and leaves respiratory system |
| conchae | 3 bones projecting from lateral wall of each cavity |
| branches of olfactory nerve | responsible for sense of smell |
| what penetrates upper nasal cavity and leads to the brain | branches of olfactory nerve |
| conchae | create narrow passages ensuring most air contacts mucous membranes on way through, air picks up moisture and heat from mucosa |
| conchae | at same time dust sticks to mucus which is then swallowed |
| drains mucus into nasal cavity | sphenoid sinus as well as other paranasal sinuses ( frontal, maxillary, ethmoidal sinuses) |
| pharynx | also called throat and is divided into 3 regions |
| nasopharynx | extends from posterior nares to soft palate, contains opening for right and left auditory (eustachian) tubes |
| oropharynx | space between soft palate and base of tongue , contains palatine tonsils as well as lingual tonsils, found at base of tongue |
| palatine tonsils | most commonly removed by tonsillectomy |
| laryngopharynx | passes dorsal to larynx and connects to esophagus |
| where does only air pass through | nasopharynx |
| where does both food and air pass through | oropharynx and laryngopharynx |
| larynx | lies between root of tongue and upper end of trachea (also called voicebox) |
| what are 3 functions of larynx | prevent food & liquid from entering trachea,acts as an air passageway between pharynx & trachea, produces sound |
| larynx | formed by 9 pieces of cartilage that keep it from collapsing |
| what do group of ligaments do | bind pieces of cartilage together and to adjacent structures in the neck |
| epiglottis | closes over top of larynx during swallowing to direct food & liquids into the esophagus |
| what is the uppermost cartilage | epiglottis |
| what is largest piece of cartilage | thyroid cartilage which is also known as adams apple |
| mucous membrane | lines the larynx and forms 2 pairs of folds |
| vestibular folds---superior pair | sometimes false vocal cords, play no role in speech |
| vestibular folds--inferior pair | vocal cords, produce sound when air passes over them |
| vestibular folds | close glottis during swallowing to keep food and liquids out of airway |
| glottis | opening between the cords |
| lower respiratory tract | trachea, bronchi and lungs |
| distribute air to interior of lungs | trachea and bronchi |
| where does gas exchange occur | deep within lungs |
| c shaped rings of cartilage | encircle trachea to reinforce it and keep from collapsing during inhalation |
| open part of c | faces posteriorly giving esophagus room to expand during swallowing |
| carina | cartilaginous ridge where trachea extends from the larynx |
| trachea branches into 2 primary bronchi | at the carina |
| supported by c shaped rings of cartilage also like trachea | primary bronchi |
| all divisions of bronchial tree consist of elastic connective tissue | true |
| what is most likely location for aspirated(inhaled) food particles and small objects to lodge | right bronchus because is slightly wider than left |
| alveolar sacs | clusters of alveoli where alveolar ducts throughout the lungs terminate |
| primary structures for gas exchange | alveolar sacs |
| alveoli | lung passages all exist to serve: wrapped in a fine mesh of capillaries |
| what allows for efficient gas exchange | extremely thin walls of alveoli and closeness of capillaries |
| where does exchange of air occur | through respiratory membrane, which consists of alveolar epithelium,capillary endothelium, and their joined basement membranes |
| surfactant | substance that helps reduce surface tension to keep alveolus from collapsing as air moves in and out during respiration |
| lungs | fill pleural cavity;extend from just above clavicles to diaphragm and lie against anterior and posterior ribs |
| hilum | opening on lungs medial surface where primary bronchi and pulmonary blood vessels enter each lung |
| shorter, broader and larger lung | right lung |
| top of each lung | apex |
| visceral pleura | serous membrane that covers the surface of the lungs , extending into fissures |
| parietal pleura | lines entire thoracic cavity |
| pleural cavity | space between visceral and parietal pleurae |
| 2 functions of fluid in pleural cavity | lubricates pleural surfaces,allowing 2 surfaces 2 glide against each other as lungs expand & contract; creates a pressure gradient that assists in lung inflation |
| pulmonary ventilation | simply breathing |
| main muscle responsible for pulmonary ventilation | diaphragm |
| external intercostals | muscles pull ribs upwards and outward, widening the thoracic cavity |
| internal intercostals | help elevate the ribs |
| diaphragm | contracts,flattens and drops, pressing abdominal organs down and enlarging thoracic cavity and then air rushes in to equalize pressure |
| accessory muscles | join in during times of forced or labored breathing to assist with breathing |
| deep inspiration | muscles of neck (sternocleidomastoids and scalenes) and chest (pectoralis minor) contract to help elevate the chest |
| forced expiration | rectus abdominus & external abdominal obliques contract to pull down the ribs &sternum, reducing chest size & expelling air more rapidly |
| primary respiratory center | inspiratory center |
| atmospheric pressure | pressure that drives respiration and is also the weight of the air around us |
| apneustic center | stimulates inspiratory center to increase length and depth of inspiration |
| pneumotaxic center | inhibits both apneustic and inspiratory center; contributes to a normal breathing rhythm and prevents overinflation of the lungs |
| asthma | most common illness in children |
| changes with aging | decreased mobility of chest wall;increased lung rigidity; decreased number and dilation of alveoli; weakened respiratory muscles;reduced volume of respiratory fluids |
| emphysema | progressive lung disease in which lung tissue surrounding alveoli is destroyed |
| lower respiratory | structures located inside of thoracic cavity |
| upper respiratory | structures located outside of thoracic cavity |
| diuresis | increased secretion of urine |
| diuretics | drugs that are administered to increase urine volume |
| lithotripsy | uses ultrasound to disintegrate kidney stone into particles small enough to pass through urinary tract |
| micturition | urination |
| oliguria | urine output of less than 400 ml/day that's insufficient for clearing waste products |
| urinary system contains | kidneys, ureters, urethra and urinary bladder |
| function of kidneys | produces hormones, ph regulation,absorbs mineralsand filters blood ,prod urine, waste excretion, water level balancing, BP regulation, red blood cell reg, acid reg |
| external appearance of kidney | dark red and bean shaped, one side bulges outward and other side is indented |
| bladders function | stores urine until it can be eliminated |
| passageways for conducting urine away from kidneys and out of body | ureters and urethra |
| ureters | slender, muscular tubes that connect renal pelvis of each kidney with bladder |
| urinary bladder | in women resides in front of vagina and uterus in men rests on top of prostate gland |
| detrusor muscle | wall of bladder that consists of 3 layers of smooth muscles |
| hemodialysis | blood pumped from patients radial artery to dialysis machine (artificial kidney).in machine blood flows through semi permeable tubes immersed in dialysis fluid. Waste prod. diffuse out of blood &into dialysis fluid which is then discarded |
| peritoneal dialysis | peritoneum serves as semi permeable membrane, dialysis fluid is intro. into peritoneal cavity through catheter,fluid left in body cavity for a few min-hour,waste prod. diffuses out of blood and into dialysate at end of time fluid is drained and discarded |
| common cause of kidney damage and kidney failure | uncontrolled hypertension |
| filtration | blood pressure forces filtrate out of glomerular capillaries into bowmans capsule, then into proximal tubule;blood cells proteins and other lg solutes cant pass capillary wall into capsule;water, glucose , sodium and urea are forced out |
| reabsorption | takes place in tubular parts of nephron where water &solutes move across tubular wall out of nephron(by diffusion or active transport) & into surrounding capillaries |
| secretion | moves substances from capillaries into nephron walls; capillaries surrounding nephrons secrete excess amounts of hydrogen ions and potassium ions into nephron tubules;also rids body of drugs,uric acid,hemoglobin breakdown products and other wastes |
| urination | reflex response which empties the bladder |
| internal urethral sphincter | (involuntary control) regulates flow from bladder into urethra |
| external urethral sphincter | (voluntary control) opens to void urine from the body |
| kidney stones | deposits of uric acid that collect in the renal pelvis or lodge in ureter; can be removed by surgery or lithotripsy |
| renal cortex | outer region of kidney |
| renal medulla | forms inner region |
| renal columns | extensions from renal cortex that divide interior region into cone shaped sections |
| renal pyramids | cone shaped section that consists of tubules for transporting urine away from cortex, base of each pyramid faces outward toward the cortex |
| renal papilla | point of pyramid that faces the hilum |
| minor calyx | a cup that renal papilla extends into and it collects urine leaving the papilla |
| major calyx | two or three minor calyces joined together |
| renal pelvis | major calyces converge to form, receives urine from major calyces. continues into ureter |
| ureter | tube like structure that channels urine to the urinary bladder |
| nephrons | filtration unit of the kidneys that lie in the kidneys outer region, where they extend between the cortex and medulla, each one is well supplied with blood |
Created by:
marys210
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