lymphatic and vascular
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| what happens to blood vessels with age | become less elastic , causing blood pressure to rise
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| what happens if theres interruption of blood flow for a few seconds | causes loss of consciousness
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| what happens if the brain is deprived of oxygen for 4 to 5 minutes | irreversible brain damage occurs
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| where does arterial blood flow come from | the heart
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| great saphenous vein | longest vein in the body, frequently harvested for use as grafts in coronary artery bypass surgery (CABG)
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| hepatic veins | drain the liver, because of its proximity to the heart, right-sided heart failure can cause congestion in the liver
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| popliteal vein | runs behind the knee
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| median cubital | most common site for drawing blood.
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| cephalic vein | at its distal end frequent site for the administration of intravenous fluids
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| internal jugular vein | drains most of blood from the brain, in right- sided heart failure blood backs up from heart and causes jugular vein distension
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| inferior vena cava | receives blood from lower part of body
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| superior vena cava | receives blood from head, shoulders and arms
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| bodys main vein | vena cava
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| veins | drain blood from organs and other parts of the body and carry it to vena cava, which in turn delivers it to right atrium
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| places on the body where pulses may be felt | carotid artery, brachial, radial (most common), femoral, popliteal (behind knee)posterior tibial, dorsalis pedis
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| edema | accumulation of fluid that appears as swelling in ankles, fingers,abdomen, face caused when fluid filters out of capillaries faster than its reabsorbed
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| 3 main causes of edema | increased capillary filtration, reduced capillary reabsorption, obstructed lymphatic drainage
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| hypotension | lower than normal blood pressure
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| hypertension | higher than normal blood pressure
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| pulse pressure | the difference between systolic and diastolic pressure
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| vasodilation | increase in the diameter of a vessel caused by relaxation of vascular muscles
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| vasoconstriction | reduction in the diameter of a vessel that increases resistance to blood flow
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| splenectomy | to remove a spleen surgically, A person can live without a spleen but may be more vulnerable to infection
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| medium-sized veins | formed by convergence of venules on the route toward the heart, medium-sized veins have thicker more elastic walls
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| venules | porous an an exchange fluid with surrounding tissues
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| venules | have very thin walls consisting of little more than a few endothelial cells
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| venules | smallest veins and collect blood from capillaries
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| arterioles | connected to capillaries by short connecting vessels called met-arterioles
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| arterioles | too numerous to be named
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| arterioles | also called resistance arteries through the contraction of smooth muscle in their walls , they can resist the flow of blood thus helping regulate blood pressure as well as control how much blood enters an organ
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| arterioles | smallest arteries
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| distributing arteries | example: brachial artery, femoral artery, renal artery
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| distributing arteries | also called muscular arteries, smaller in diameter than elastic arteries
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| distributing arteries | carry blood farther away from the heart to specific organs and areas of the body
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| conducting arteries | example: aorta, common carotid artery , subclavian artery
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| conducting arteries | also called elastic arteries because of large number of elastic fibers embedded in tunica media
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| conducting arteries | body's largest arteries expand as blood surges into them and recoil when ventricles relax
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| tunica externa | outer layer, made of strong, flexible fibrous connective tissue supports and protects the blood vessel. in veins, thickest of 3 layers in arteries, a little thinner than middle layer
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| tunica media | middle layer; thickest layer composed of smooth muscle and elastic tissue,allows blood vessel to change diameter, smooth muscle in this layer is innervated by the autonomic nervous system
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| tunica intima | innermost layer thats exposed to blood, consists of endothelium, its smooth surface keeps blood flowing freely, without sticking to vessel wall , also prod. chemicals that cause blood vessels to dilate or constrict
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| capillaries | connect the smallest arteries to the smallest veins
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| veins | return blood to the heart
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| arteries | carry blood away from the heart
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| venous | of or relating to a vein or the veins, of or relating to dark red, oxygen- poor blood in the veins and pulmonary artery
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| aneurysm | when a portion of the arterial wall weakens, blood inside artery pushes against weakened area causing it to bulge
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| vasodilation | increase in the diameter of a vessel
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| what does the lymphatic system consist of | lymphatic vessels, lymph (fluid within vessels), lymphatic tissue and lymphatic organs
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| what are the 3 functions of the lymphatic system? | maintenance of fluid balance, absorption of fats, immunity
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| maintenance of fluid balance in lymphatic system | one of the roles is to absorb fluid that may cause massive swelling and return it to the blood stream,
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| absorption of fats in lymphatic system | specialized lymphatic vessels in the small intestines , absorb fats and fat-soluble vitamins
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| immunity in lymphatic system | key component of the immune system, lymph nodes and other lymphatic organs filter lymph to remove microorganisms and foreign parties
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| anastomosis | a natural connection between 2 vessels
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| lymph | clear, colorless fluid similar to plasma but with a lower protein content
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| where does lymph originate | in tissues as fluid left behind following capillary exchange
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| what may lymph contain | lipids (after draining small intestines), lymphocytes (after leaving lymphnodes) hormones, bacteria, viruses and cellular debris
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| lymphatic vessels | have thin walls and valves to prevent backflow
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| how are lymphatic vessels formed | by a thin layer of epithelial cell. unlike cells in veins (which are tightly joined) cells forming lymphatic vessels walls overlap loosely, allowing gaps to exist between the cells
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| what are the 2 collecting ducts of the lymphatic system | right lymphatic and thoracic ducts
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| right lymphatic duct | drains lymph for upper right quadrant of the body into the right subclavian vein
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| thoracic duct | (originates at a dilated portion of a lymphatic vessel in abdomen called cisterna chyli) drains lymph from rest of the body to left subclavian vein
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| lymphatic organs | well defined. include red bone marrow, thymus, lymph nodes, tonsils and spleen
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| primary lymphatic organs | red bone marrow and thymus , provides a location for B and T lymphocytes to mature
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| secondary lymphatic organs | lymph nodes, tonsils and spleen: contain lymphocytes that have matured in either red bone marrow or the thymus
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| thymus | divided into lobules that extend inward from a fibrous outer capsule. each lobule consists of a dense outer cortex and a less dense medulla filled with T lymphocytes
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| thymus | located in mediastinum, the size varies with age, begins to shrink at age 14. also produces hormone Thymosin- promotes development of lymphocytes
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| lymph nodes | as lymph flows along its course, it passes through multiple lymphnodes. when it reaches a node, fluid slows to a trickle as lymph nodes removes pathogens and other foreign material
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| besides cleansing lymph what else do lymph nodes do | also serves as site for final maturation of some types of lymphocytes
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| what are the major lymph node groups | cervical, axillary, inguinal
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| cervical lymph nodes | found in the neck, monitor lymph coming from head and neck
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| axillary lymph nodes | clustered in the armpit; receive lymph from arm and breast
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| inguinal lymph nodes | occur in the groin; they receive lymph from the legs
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| tonsils | masses of lymphoid tissue, forms a protective circle at the back of the throat, guards against pathogens entering the body through the nose or throat
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| what are the 3 sets of tonsils | pharyngeal, palatine, lingual
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| pharyngeal tonsil | also called adenoids,a single tonsil that sits on the wall of the pharynx, just behind the nasal cavity
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| palatine tonsils | pair of tonsils that lies in posterior of the oral cavity
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| lingual tonsils | numerous tonsils that are concentrated in patches on each side of the base of the tongue
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| tonsillitis | when the tonsils swell and become inflamed
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| symptoms of tonsillitis | sore throat, painful swallowing and fever. when caused by a virus, condition usually resolves on its own after a few days. when its caused by a bacteria antibiotics are required
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| whats recommended if tonsillitis repeatedly occurs | tonsillectomy- surgical removal of tonsils
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| spleen | body's largest lymphatic organ, resides in upper left quadrant of the abdomen;just inferior to diaphragm , protected by lower ribs ; surrounded by a fibrous capsule;inward extensions of the capsule divide the spleen into compartments
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| what are the 2 tissue types found in spleen | red pulp and white pulp
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| white pulp | contains compact masses of lymphocyte surrounds the arteries leading into each compartment
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| red pulp | exists along edges of compartments,consists of network of erythrocyte filled sinus supported by framework of reticular fibers&phagocytic cells.blood collects in venous sinuses after passing through reticulae fibers,then returns to the heart through veins
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| functions of the spleen | immunity, destruction of old red blood cells, blood storage, hematopoiesis
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| first line of defense | external barriers, such as skin and mucous membranes, keep most of the pathogens we encounter at bay
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| second line of defense | if pathogen penetrates 1st line of defense, body launches several mechanisms geared at repelling a wide variety of threats, incl. production of phagocytic white blood cells and triggering inflammation and fever
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| nonspecific immunity | responses are aimed at a broad range of attackers, rather than one specific pathogen .also called innate immunity
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| innate immunity | because mechanisms are present from birth, allowing body to repel pathogens to which it has never been exposed
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| nonspecific immunity | protects against a broad range of pathogens, using a variety of mechanisms, such as external barriers, phagocytosis, antimicrobial proteins, natural killer cells, inflammation and fever
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| external barriers | skin and mucous membranes provide 1st line of defense against microorganisms. skin, composed of tough protein, repels most pathogens, while its surface is dry & lacking in nutrients, makes a hostile environment for bacteria
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| acid mantle | thin layer of acid produced by sweat
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| what do mucous membranes found in digestive, respiratory, urinary and reproductive tracts do? | produce mucus that physically traps pathogens
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| what happens to mucus in respiratory tract | swallowed and pathogens are destroyed by stomach acid
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| lysozome | enzyme in mucus, tears, and saliva that destroys bacteria
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| third line of defense | last line of defense is specific immunity, occurs when body retains a memory of a pathogen after defeating it. if exposed to same pathogen in future, body can quickly recognize it, targeting a response at this one specific invader
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| phagocytosis | if a pathogen makes its way past skin or mucous membranes and enters body, it will immediately confront a key player in 2nd line defense; phagocytes
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| 1st step of phagocytosis | phagocytes are cells whose sole job is to ingest and destroy microorganisms and other small particles
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| 2nd step of phagocytosis | when a phagocyte encounters a microorganism, it sends out membrane projection called pseudopods (or "false feet")
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| 3rd step of phagocytosis | pseudo-pods envelop the organism, forming a complete sac called a phagosome
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| 4th step of phagocytosis | phagosome travels to the interior of the cell and fuses with a lysosome, which contains digestive enzymes
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| 5th step of phagocytosis | digestive enzymes from the lysosome destroy the microorganism,
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| 6th step of phagocytosis | the waste products are then released from the cell
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| types of phagocytes | neutrophils and macrophages
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| neutrophils | roam the body seeking out bacteria
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| macrophages | must remain fixed within strategic areas
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| 1st step when neutrophils find site of infection | neutrophils travel to sites of infection after being summoned by a chemical released from inflamed cells (chemotaxis)
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| 2nd step when neutrophils find site of infection | once there, neutrophils anchor themselves to the inside of the blood capillary
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| 3rd step when neutrophils find site of infection | then use enzymes to digest a portion of basement membrane, which allows them to squeeze out of the vessel (process called diapedesis) and enter the inflamed tissue
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| areas where microbial invasion is likely to occur | alveolus of lungs, liver, nerve tissue, bone and spleen
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| antimicrobial proteins | 2 types of proteins help provide nonspecific resistance against bacterial and viral invasion; interferons and the complement system
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| interferons | a protein prod by some cells responding to viral invasion, when a virus infects a cell, it prod. interferon, which it releases to nearby cells. binds to surface receptors on neighboring cells.
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| interferons | this triggers prod. of enzymes w/in cells thatd prevent virus from replicating if it managed to invade
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| complement system | over 20 diff proteins (complement) circulate in bloodstream in an inactive form , waiting to assist in the immune response , a bacteria, or antibodies against bacteria activate complement
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| What happens once a complement reaction begins | it continues as a cascade of chemical reactions with one complement protein activating the next.
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| how does the complement aid the immune system | by coating pathogens, making them attractive to phagocytes, and stimulating inflammation (which summons neutrophils through chemotaxis)
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| inflammation | tissue injury whether from trauma, ischemia, or infection
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| what does the inflammatory response include | processes that clean up and repair the damaged tissue
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| what happens to most of phagocytes during process of fighting infection | most of phagocytes die during process of fighting infection
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| pus | thick yellowish fluid formed from dead cells piling up, along with tissue debris and fluid
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| abscess | when pus accumulates in a tissue cavity
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| what are 4 classic signs of inflammation | redness, swelling, heat and pain
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| IgG | only antibody that can cross placenta to impart temporary
immunity to the fetus
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| IgM | active in primary immune response, also involved in agglutination of incompatible blood types
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| antigen | any molecule that triggers an immune response, any foreign substance is said to be antigenic
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| cellular immunity | destroys pathogens that exist within a cell, to accomplish it employs 3 types of T cells
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| what are the 3 types of T cells employed by cellular immunity | cytoxic,helper, memory
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| cytoxic T cells | (also called killer T cells) which carry out the attack
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| Helper t cells | plays a supportive role
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| Memory T cells | remembers the pathogen in case of future invasion
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| immune system disorders | disorders occur when the immune system overreacts to an antigen (hypersensitivity) or opposite fails to react ( as occurs in immunodeficiency disorders)
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| hypersensitivity | involves an inappropriate or excessive response of the immune system
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| allergy | most common type of hypersensitivity
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| allergy | condition in which the immune system reacts to environmental substances (allergens) that most people can tolerate
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| what are some common allergens | mold,dust,pollen,animal dander&foods (chocolate,shellfish, nuts or milk) certain drugs (penicillin,tetracycline, sulfa) can also trigger an allergic response which may be within seonds or delayed for several days
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| immediate allergic reactions | include common allergies, such as those to pollen or bee stings
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| anaphylaxis | severe immediate hypersensitivity reaction affecting the entire body
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| what are possible symptoms of anaphylaxis | red, itchy, raised rash and swelling of face, lips, and tongue
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| what happens during anaphylaxis | release of huge amounts of histamine causes constrictions of the airways- making breathing difficult and vasodilation causing blood pressure to drop
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| anaphylactic shock | when symptoms worsen to the point that circulatory shock and even death may occur. mild anaphylaxis can often be relieved with antihistamines, anaphylactic shock is medical emergency requiring emergency treatment with epinephrine
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| delayed allergic reaction | involve cell-mediated immunity
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| autoimmune diseases | sometimes body's immune system fails to differentiate between self-antigens-the molecules native to a person's body and foreign antigen. when this occurs body prod. antibodies that attack its own tissues
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| immunodeficiency diseases | immune system fails to adequately protect the body against pathogens
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| lymph nodes and cancer | cancer often spreads through lymphatic system when cancerous cells break free of original tumor they often enter lymphatic capillaries and travel to the nearest lymph node
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| sentinel lymph node | first lymph node reached by metastasizing cancer cells
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| what helps determine future treatment of cancer in lymph nodes | closely examining the nodes for cancerous cells following removal
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| whats the most common route for breast cancer metastasis | axillary lymph nodes
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| lymphedema | swelling produced by accumulation of lymph in surrounding tissues
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| splenic rupture | spleens location makes it vulnerable to injury from trauma , because its highly vascular severe injury or rupture can produce a fatal hemorrhage
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| active immunity | immunity that results when the body manufactures its own antibodies or T cells against a pathogen
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| allergen | environmental substance that triggers an allergic response
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| anaphylaxis | severe immediate hypersensitivity reaction affecting the entire body
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| antibody | substance produced by b lymphocytes in response to a specific antigen
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| antigen | any molecule that triggers an immune response
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| cellular immunity | immune response that targets foreign cells or host cells that have become infected with a pathogen
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| chemotaxis | the movement of white blood cells to an area of inflammation in response to the release of chemicals from the injured cells
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| complement | a group of proteins in the blood that through a cascade of chemical reactions, participate in nonspecific immunity
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| diapedesis | process in which neutrophils enzymatically digest a portion of the capillary basement membrane, allowing them to leave the vessel and enter inflamed tissue
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| histamine | substance secreted by injured or irritated cells that produces local vasodilation, among other effects
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| humoral immunity | immune response that uses antibodies to target pathogens outside the host cells
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| hyperemia | increased blood flow to an area
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| immunoglobulins | antibodies
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| inflammation | immunological response to injury, infection, or allergy, marked by increases in regional blood flow, immigration of white blood cells and release of chemical toxins
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| interferon | protein released from virus-infected cells that helps protect nearby cells from invasion
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| lymph | clear, colorless fluid filling lymphatic capillaries
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| lymph nodes | kidney- shaped masses of lymphatic tissue that lie along lymphatic vessels
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| macrophage | important phagocyte that remains fixed in strategic areas
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| natural killer cells | unique group of lymphocytes that continually roam the body seeking out pathogens or diseased cells
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| neutrophils | phagocytes that accumulate rapidly at sites of acute injury
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| nonspecific immunity | 1st and 2nd line of defense; immune response aimed at a broad range of pathogens
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| passive immunity | immunity that results when someone receives antibodies from another person or animal
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| phagocytosis | process by which phagocytes engulf and destroy microorganisms
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| pyrexia | fever
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| specific immunity | 3rd line of defense; immune response targeted at a specific pathogen
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| spleen | the body's largest lymphatic organ ; contains masses of lymphocytes
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| thymus gland | lymphoid organ where T cells mature; located in mediastinal cavity
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| T lymphocytes | lymphocytes that participate in both cellular and humoral immunity ; also called T cells
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| tonsils | masses of lymphoid tissue that form a protective circle at the back of the throat
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| what is the function of natural killer cells | recognize and destroy any foreign cells, incl. cancer cells, virus-infected cells and bacteria- as well as cells of transplanted organs and tissues
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| what method is most used to destroy infected cells by natural killer cells | secretion of chemicals that causes cell to die and break apart (lysis)
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| antibodies | key players in body's immune system, antibodies are gamma globulin proteins formed by B cells and found in plasma and body secretions
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| immunoglobulins (Ig) | another name for antibodies; consist of chains of proteins joined in a way that resembles a y or a t
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| what are 5 classes of antibodies | IgA, IgD, IgE, IgG, IgM
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| IgA | populates mucous membranes, intestines, respiratory tract, and urinary tract; also found in saliva, tears and breast milk
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| IgD | exists in the blood in very small amounts ; may activate basophils and mast cells
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| IgE | involved in allergic reactions
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| IgG | primary antibody of secondary immune response, also most abundant of all immunoglobulins, making up 80% of all circulating antibodies
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| cellular (cell-mediated) immunity | aims to destroy foreign cells or host cells that have become infected with a pathogen
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| humoral (antibody-mediated) immunity | focuses on pathogens outside the host cells; sends out antibodies to "mark" a pathogen for later destruction
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| active immunity | body routinely makes its own antibodies or T cells against a pathogen
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| passive immunity | immunity after receiving an injection of antibodies from another person or animal
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| active immunity | permanent or at least long lasting
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| passive immunity | body doesnt develop a memory for the pathogen, so immunity lasts only a few months
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| what are the 4 classes of immunity | natural active, artificial active, natural passive, artificial passive
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| natural active immunity | occurs when the body produces antibodies or T cells after being exposed to a particular antigen
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| artificial active immunity | results when body makes T cells & antibodies against a disease as a result of a vaccination. by injecting vaccine containing dead or weakened(attenuated) pathogens,recipient body produces immune response w/out actually developing the illness
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| natural passive immunity | results when a fetus acquires antibodies from the mother through the placenta or when a baby acquires them through breastfeeding
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| artificial passive immunity | involves obtaining serum from a person or animal thats prod. antibodies against a certain pathogen & then injecting it into someone else. typically used in emergencies for treatment of rabies and botulism
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| fever | aka pyrexia.abnormal elevation of temp. believed fever is beneficial during an illness.besides promoting activity of interferon, an elevated body temp. inhibits the reproduction of bacteria and viruses
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| lymphocytes | relied on by immune system to wage war against pathogens. fall into 1 of 3 classes : natural killer, T cells, B cells
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| T lymphocytes | develop from stem cells in red bone marrow
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| B lymphocytes | commonly called b cells, also begin life as stem cells in red bone marrow. unlike t cells , b cells remain in bone marrow until they are fully mature
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| natural killer cells | unique group of lymphocytes that continually roam the body seeking out pathogens or diseased cells
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| redness | results from hyperemia
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| heat | also results from hyperemia
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| pain | may result from the injured nerves, pressure on the nerves from swelling, or stimulation of nerves by bacterial toxins
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| swellings function in healing of inflammation | compresses veins-reducing venous drainage -while forcing the capillary valves open to promote capillary drainage
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| swellings function in healing of inflammation | helps healing because lymphatic capillaries are more adept at removing bacteria, dead cells and tissue debris than are blood capillaries
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| redness function in healing of inflammation | hyperemia brings materials necessary for healing, including oxygen and amino acids
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| heats function in healing of inflammation | heat in the area increases the metabolic rate, and thus, the rate of tissue repair
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| pains function in healing of inflammation | pain signals that an injury has occurred and serves as a reminder to rest the area to allow healing
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| specific immunity | directed against specific pathogen,after being exposed to a pathogen, immune system retains a memory of encounter, if that pathogen enters the body in future, immune system will recognize immed. allowing it to destroy pathogen before symptoms even develop
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| swelling | results from fluid leaking out of capillaries
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| sinusoid | large, permeable capillary found in organs, such as the liver, spleen, and bone marrow that allows for the passage of large cells and proteins
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| vasomotion | adjusting the diameter of blood vessels
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| radial artery | often palpated to measure a pulse
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| brachial artery | continuation of axillary artery and artery most often used for routine blood pressure measurement
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| axillary artery | the continuation of subclavian artery in the axillary region
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| subclavian artery | supplies blood to the arm
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| major arteries branching off aortic arch | subclavian artery, axillary artery, brachial artery, radial artery
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| major arteries branching off ilia arteries | internal iliac, external iliac, femoral, popliteal,anterior tibial, posterior tibial, dorsalis pedis
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| right and left common iliac arteries | formed by split of distal end of abdominal aorta, supply pelvic organs, thighs and lower extremities
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| inferior mesenteric artery | which supplies the other part of large intestine
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| superior mesenteric artery | supplies most of small intestine and part of large intestine
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| renal arteries | supplies the kidney
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| hepatic artery | supplies the liver
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| splenic artery | supplies the spleen
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| gastric artery | supplies the stomach
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| abdominal aorta | gives rise to celiac trunk which divides into gastric, splenic and hepatic arteries
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| thoracic aorta | supply chest wall and organs within thoracic cavity
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| aorta | originates in left ventricle and is divided into 3 regions
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| systemic circulation | all systemic arteries arise either directly or indirectly from the aorta
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| systemic circulation | involves both arteries and veins
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| systemic circulation | supplies oxygen and nutrients to organs and removes wastes
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| pulmonary circulation | doesn't supply lung tissue itself with oxygen
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| pulmonary circulation | routes blood to and from lungs to exchange carbon dioxide for oxygen
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| systemic circulation | begins at left ventricle and involves circulation of blood through the body
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| pulmonary circulation | begins at the right ventricle and involves circulation of blood through the lungs
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| abdominal aorta | below the diaphragm, branches into right and left common iliac arteries, which supply blood to the lower pelvis and leg
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| thoracic aorta | above the diaphragm
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| descending aorta | (3rd region) travels downward dorsal to the heart through its thoracic and abdominal cavities
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| left subclavian artery | supplies blood to left shoulder and upper arm
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| left common carotid artery | extends into the neck
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| brachiocephalic | through its branches supplies blood to head and right arm
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| aortic arch | (2nd region) curves over the heart and turns downward behind the heart, making an inverted u shape. aortic arch branches into 3 major arteries
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| ascending aorta | (1st region) rises a few cm. above left ventricle. right and left coronary arteries branch off the ascending aorta to supply blood to myocardium
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| 5th step of pulmonary circulation | capillaries form venules,which merge to form veins,veins merge until forming pulmonary vein,which returns oxygenated blood to left atrium
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| 4th step of pulmonary circulation | capillaries surround alveoli, where exchange of oxygen for carbon dioxide occurs
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| 3rd step of pulmonary circulation | pulmonary arteries branch into lobar arteries (one for each lobe of the lung) these arteries branch into smaller arteries until ending at capillary beds
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| 2nd step of pulmonary circulation | pulmonary arteries enter lungs
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| 1st step of pulmonary circulation | blood leaves right ventricle through pulmonary trunk, which branches into right and left pulmonary arteries
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| large veins | example: Vena Cavae, pulmonary veins, internal jugular veins
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| large veins | formed as medium-sized veins converge, have a thick tunica externa
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| medium-sized veins | Examples: radial and ulnar veins of the forearm, saphenous veins in the leg
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| medium-sized veins | contain one way valves formed from thin endothelium lining, ales keep blood moving toward heart and prevent back flow. veins in leg, which must fight forces of gravity as they transport blood to heart, contains most valves
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| baroreceptors | sensory nerve endings in the aortic arch and carotid arteries that sense changes in pressure
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| circle of willis | circle of arteries at the base of the brain
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| colloid osmotic pressure | process whereby albumin in the blood pulls tissue fluid into capillaries
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| diastolic pressure | pressure within arteries when the ventricle relaxes
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| diffusion | process by which molecules of a substance move from an area of higher to lower concentration
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| filtration | process of removing particles from a solution by allowing the liquid portion to pass through a membrane
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| peripheral resistance | resistance to blood flow resulting from the friction of the blood against the walls of the vessels
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|
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| what are the most common sites for aneurysms????? | aorta, renal arteries , and a circle of arteries at the base of the brain
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| what happens if an aneurysm ruptures | massive hemorrhage will result, even without rupturing, the aneurysm can cause pain and even death by putting pressure on surrounding nerves, tissues and organs
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|
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| what is the most common cause for aneurysm development | atherosclerosis combined with high blood pressure, although may also result from a congenital weakness of the vessel wall, trauma or a bacterial infection
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| vasomotor center | area in the medulla of the brain that sends impulses to alter blood vessel diameter and therefore blood pressure
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| systolic pressure | pressure in arteries when the ventricles eject blood
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| principal vein | brachiocephalic
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| principal vein | subclavian
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| principal vein | superior vena cava
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| principal vein | inferior vena cava
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| principal vein | axillary
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| principal vein | hepatic
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| principal vein | common iliac
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|
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| principal vein | internal iliac
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| principal vein | external iliac
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|
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| principal vein | great saphenous
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| principal vein | anterior tibial
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|
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| principal vein | internal jugular
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| principal vein | external jugular
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| principal vein | cephalic
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|
||||
| principal vein | basilic
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|
||||
| principal vein | median cubital
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|
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| principal vein | radial
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|
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| principal vein | femoral
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|
||||
| principal vein | popliteal
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|
||||
| principal vein | fibular (peroneal)
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|
||||
| principal vein | posterior tibial
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|
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