Anatomy 12-13
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| Blood is composed of what three things? | Cells, fluids, and chemicals
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| Function of blood: | to transport substances and maintain a stable environment
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| Blood hematocrit: | 45% cells and 55% plasma
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| RBC = | erythrocyte
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| Biconcave disks that contain one-third oxygen carrying hemoglobin by volume | red blood cells
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| oxygen + hemoglobin = | bright red oxyhemoglobin
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| darker, deoxygenated blood | deoxyhemoglobin
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| Red blood cells discard their _____ during development | nucleas
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| red blood cells cannot produce _____ | proteins
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| RBC count for males | 4.6 - 6.2 million
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| RBC count for females | 4.2 - 5.4 million
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| Where are RBCs produced in the fetus? | yolk sac, liver, and splen
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| Where are RBCs produced after birth? | red bone marrow
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| RBC lifespan | 120 days approx
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| What maintains the number of RBCs? | a negative feedback system involving erythropoietin
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| Needed for DNA synthesis | B12 and folic acid
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| Needed for hemoglobin sythesis | iron
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| A deficiency in RBC or quantity of hemoglobin | anemia
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| RBCs become damaged over time by passing through _____ | capillaries
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| ________ in the liver and spleen phagocytize damaged red blood cells | macrophages
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| Hemoglobin from the decomposed red blood cells is converted into ____ and ____ | heme / globin
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| WBCs are formed from ____ | hemocytoblasts
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| 5 types of leukocytes (hint: NEBML) | Neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, monocytes, and lymphocytes
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| Function of WBC | protection
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| normal WBC count | 5,000-10,000
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| Can be used to help pinpoint the nature of an illness | differential WBC count
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| Occurs after an infection when excess numbers of leukocytes are present | leukocytosis
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| When there are too few WBCs | leukopenia
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| Group of leukocytes with granules present in their cytoplasm when stained | granulocytes
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| Red-staining fine cytoplasmic granules and a multi-lobed nucleus | neutrophils
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| Neutrophils percentage | 54%- 62%
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| Function of neutrophils | phagocytize bacteria, fungi, and some viruses
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| Squeezing between cells in blood vessel walls | diapedesis
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| Have course granules that stain deep blue and have bilobed nucleus | eosinophils
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| Eosinophils percentage: | 1%-3%
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| Function of eosinophils | Moderate allergic reactions, defend against certain parasites
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| Have fewer granules that stain deep blue | basophils
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| Basophil percentage | less than 1%
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| Function of basophil | to produce chemicals that increase blood flow to damaged tissues and promote inflammation responses
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| Lack granules in cytoplasm | agranulocytes
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| Largest blood cells that have oval shaped nuclei | Monocytes
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| monocyte percentage: | 3%-9%
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| Function of monocyte | phagocytize bacteria and cellular debris
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| Long-lived and have a large, spherical nucleaus | lymphocyte
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| Lymphocyte percentage | 25-33%
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| function of lymphocyte | involved in immunity responses
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| platelets AKA | thrombocytes
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| platelets are fragments of | megakaryocytes
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| Platelets repair damaged vessels by ______ to broken edges | adhering
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| Average platelet count | 130,000-360,000
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| clear, straw-colored fluid portion of blood | plasma
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| Plasma is mostly ______ | water
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| Function of plasma | Transport of nutrients and gases, regulates fluid and electrolyte balance, maintains acid base balance
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| maintains the correct osmotic pressure of the plasma | albumin
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| transport lipids and fat-soluble vitamins, some are a type of antibody | globulin
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| play an important role in blood clotting process | clotting proteins
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| regulate and control physiological function | hormones
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| stoppage of bleeding | hemostasis
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| First step of hemostasis | blood vessel spasm
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| Second step of hemostasis | platelet plug formation
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| Third step of hemostasis | blood coagulation
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| Abnormal clot in vessel | thrombus
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| dislodged clot | embolus
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| Clumping of RBCs following transfusion | agglutination
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| special proteins found on the surface of cells | antigen
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| Special protein in the blood plasma that interact with specific antigen | antibody
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| Type A | Antigen: A / Antibody: anti-B
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| Type B | Antigen: B / Antibody: anti-A
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| Type AB | Antigen: both / Antibody: neither
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| Type O | Antigen: neither / Antibody: both
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| Named after rhesus monkey | RH blood type
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| If the RH surface protein is present then... | the blood type is positive
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| If the RH surface protein is NOT present, then... | the blood type is negative
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| develops in rh-positive fetuses of rh-negative mothers | erythroblastosis fetalis
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| Consists of the heart, vessels, capillaries, and veins | Cardiovascular system
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| Function of CV system | Supplying oxygen and nutrients and removing waste
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| hollow, cone-shaped, muscular pump within the thoracic cavity | heart
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| The heart lies in the _______ | mediastinum
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| Comprised of a tough outer layer of connective tissue and a more delicate double later sac around the heart | pericardium
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| inner layer that covers heart directly | visceral pericardium (epicardium)
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| tough outer layer portion of pericardium | parietal pericardium
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| The space between the two pericardia is filled with ____________ | serous fluid
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| Outermost layer of the heart that consists of connective tissue and contains blood and lymph capillaries | epicardium
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| Middle layer of the heart that consists of cardiac muscle and is the thickest layer of the heart wall | Myocardium
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| Inner layer of the heart that is smooth and made up of connective tissue and epithelium | endocardium
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| Divides the chambers of the heart | septum
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| Upper chambers that receive blood returning to the heart | atria
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| Lower chambers that pump blood and are thicker | ventricles
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| A mass of merging fibers that act as a unit is called a functional _________ | synctium
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| Specialized mass of of cardiac muscle that generates impulses for the heartbeat | SA node
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| Impulses spread next to the atrial ________, it contracts, and impulses travel to the junctional fibers leading to the ___________ node located in the septum | synctium / atrioventricular
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| __________ fibers are small, allowing the atria to contract before the impulse spreads rapidly over the ventricles | junctional
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| Branches of the AV bundle give rise to ______ fibers leading to papillary muscles. These fibers stimulate contraction of the papillary muscles at the same time the ventricles contract | Purkinje
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| The first wave, the P wave, corresponds to the _____ of the atria | depolarization
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| The ____ complex corresponds to the depolarization of ventricles and hides the repolarization of atria | QRS
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| The T waves end the ECG pattern and correspond to ventrical _______ | repolarization
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| The SA node is innervated by branches of the _______ and _______ divisions, so the CNS controls the heart rate | sympathetic and parasympathetic
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| Sympathetic ____ impulses | speed up
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| parasympathetic ________ heart rate | slow down
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| The cardiac control center of the _____ _______ maintains balance between the two autonomic divisions of the nervous system in response to messages from barareceptors | medulla oblongata
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| Detect changes in blood pressure | barareceptors
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| Impulses from the _____ and _____ may also influence heart rate, as well as temperature and concentrations of certain iions | cerebrum and hypothalamus
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| Strong, elastic vessels adapted for carrying high-pressure blood | arteries
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| arteries divide into _____ | arterioles
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| Provide support and attachment for the heart valves and fibers and keep the tissue from dilating | rings of dense connective tissue
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| Alternate pathways for blood if one is to become blocked | anastomoses
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| Cardiac veins drain blood from the heart muscle and carry it to the _____ ______ | coronary sinus
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| atria beating in unison | atrial systole
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| ventricles rest | diastole
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| Contraction of both ventricles | ventricular systole
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| smooth muscle of an artery | tunica media
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| connective tissue of an artery | tunica externa
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| When arteries shrink as directed by sympathetic impulses | vasoconstriction
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| When impulses are inhibited and arteries widen | vasodilation
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| smallest vessels consisting of only a layer of endothelium through which substances are exchanged with tissue cells | capillaries
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| Areas with a great deal of metabolic activity have ______ _______ of capillaries | higher densities
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| Can regulate the amount of blood entering a capillary bed and are controlled by oxygen concentration in the area | Precapillary sphincters
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| Why do plasma proteins remain in the blood? | Because of their larger size
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| Drives the passage of fluids and very small molecules out of capillaries | hydrostatic pressure
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| Collect excess tissue fluid and return it to circulation | lymphatic vessels
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| Force of blood against the inner walls of blood vessels | blood pressure
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| Factors that influence blood pressure | heart action, blood volume, resistance to flow, and blood viscosity
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