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Anatomy 12-13
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Blood is composed of what three things? | Cells, fluids, and chemicals |
| Function of blood: | to transport substances and maintain a stable environment |
| Blood hematocrit: | 45% cells and 55% plasma |
| RBC = | erythrocyte |
| Biconcave disks that contain one-third oxygen carrying hemoglobin by volume | red blood cells |
| oxygen + hemoglobin = | bright red oxyhemoglobin |
| darker, deoxygenated blood | deoxyhemoglobin |
| Red blood cells discard their _____ during development | nucleas |
| red blood cells cannot produce _____ | proteins |
| RBC count for males | 4.6 - 6.2 million |
| RBC count for females | 4.2 - 5.4 million |
| Where are RBCs produced in the fetus? | yolk sac, liver, and splen |
| Where are RBCs produced after birth? | red bone marrow |
| RBC lifespan | 120 days approx |
| What maintains the number of RBCs? | a negative feedback system involving erythropoietin |
| Needed for DNA synthesis | B12 and folic acid |
| Needed for hemoglobin sythesis | iron |
| A deficiency in RBC or quantity of hemoglobin | anemia |
| RBCs become damaged over time by passing through _____ | capillaries |
| ________ in the liver and spleen phagocytize damaged red blood cells | macrophages |
| Hemoglobin from the decomposed red blood cells is converted into ____ and ____ | heme / globin |
| WBCs are formed from ____ | hemocytoblasts |
| 5 types of leukocytes (hint: NEBML) | Neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, monocytes, and lymphocytes |
| Function of WBC | protection |
| normal WBC count | 5,000-10,000 |
| Can be used to help pinpoint the nature of an illness | differential WBC count |
| Occurs after an infection when excess numbers of leukocytes are present | leukocytosis |
| When there are too few WBCs | leukopenia |
| Group of leukocytes with granules present in their cytoplasm when stained | granulocytes |
| Red-staining fine cytoplasmic granules and a multi-lobed nucleus | neutrophils |
| Neutrophils percentage | 54%- 62% |
| Function of neutrophils | phagocytize bacteria, fungi, and some viruses |
| Squeezing between cells in blood vessel walls | diapedesis |
| Have course granules that stain deep blue and have bilobed nucleus | eosinophils |
| Eosinophils percentage: | 1%-3% |
| Function of eosinophils | Moderate allergic reactions, defend against certain parasites |
| Have fewer granules that stain deep blue | basophils |
| Basophil percentage | less than 1% |
| Function of basophil | to produce chemicals that increase blood flow to damaged tissues and promote inflammation responses |
| Lack granules in cytoplasm | agranulocytes |
| Largest blood cells that have oval shaped nuclei | Monocytes |
| monocyte percentage: | 3%-9% |
| Function of monocyte | phagocytize bacteria and cellular debris |
| Long-lived and have a large, spherical nucleaus | lymphocyte |
| Lymphocyte percentage | 25-33% |
| function of lymphocyte | involved in immunity responses |
| platelets AKA | thrombocytes |
| platelets are fragments of | megakaryocytes |
| Platelets repair damaged vessels by ______ to broken edges | adhering |
| Average platelet count | 130,000-360,000 |
| clear, straw-colored fluid portion of blood | plasma |
| Plasma is mostly ______ | water |
| Function of plasma | Transport of nutrients and gases, regulates fluid and electrolyte balance, maintains acid base balance |
| maintains the correct osmotic pressure of the plasma | albumin |
| transport lipids and fat-soluble vitamins, some are a type of antibody | globulin |
| play an important role in blood clotting process | clotting proteins |
| regulate and control physiological function | hormones |
| stoppage of bleeding | hemostasis |
| First step of hemostasis | blood vessel spasm |
| Second step of hemostasis | platelet plug formation |
| Third step of hemostasis | blood coagulation |
| Abnormal clot in vessel | thrombus |
| dislodged clot | embolus |
| Clumping of RBCs following transfusion | agglutination |
| special proteins found on the surface of cells | antigen |
| Special protein in the blood plasma that interact with specific antigen | antibody |
| Type A | Antigen: A / Antibody: anti-B |
| Type B | Antigen: B / Antibody: anti-A |
| Type AB | Antigen: both / Antibody: neither |
| Type O | Antigen: neither / Antibody: both |
| Named after rhesus monkey | RH blood type |
| If the RH surface protein is present then... | the blood type is positive |
| If the RH surface protein is NOT present, then... | the blood type is negative |
| develops in rh-positive fetuses of rh-negative mothers | erythroblastosis fetalis |
| Consists of the heart, vessels, capillaries, and veins | Cardiovascular system |
| Function of CV system | Supplying oxygen and nutrients and removing waste |
| hollow, cone-shaped, muscular pump within the thoracic cavity | heart |
| The heart lies in the _______ | mediastinum |
| Comprised of a tough outer layer of connective tissue and a more delicate double later sac around the heart | pericardium |
| inner layer that covers heart directly | visceral pericardium (epicardium) |
| tough outer layer portion of pericardium | parietal pericardium |
| The space between the two pericardia is filled with ____________ | serous fluid |
| Outermost layer of the heart that consists of connective tissue and contains blood and lymph capillaries | epicardium |
| Middle layer of the heart that consists of cardiac muscle and is the thickest layer of the heart wall | Myocardium |
| Inner layer of the heart that is smooth and made up of connective tissue and epithelium | endocardium |
| Divides the chambers of the heart | septum |
| Upper chambers that receive blood returning to the heart | atria |
| Lower chambers that pump blood and are thicker | ventricles |
| A mass of merging fibers that act as a unit is called a functional _________ | synctium |
| Specialized mass of of cardiac muscle that generates impulses for the heartbeat | SA node |
| Impulses spread next to the atrial ________, it contracts, and impulses travel to the junctional fibers leading to the ___________ node located in the septum | synctium / atrioventricular |
| __________ fibers are small, allowing the atria to contract before the impulse spreads rapidly over the ventricles | junctional |
| Branches of the AV bundle give rise to ______ fibers leading to papillary muscles. These fibers stimulate contraction of the papillary muscles at the same time the ventricles contract | Purkinje |
| The first wave, the P wave, corresponds to the _____ of the atria | depolarization |
| The ____ complex corresponds to the depolarization of ventricles and hides the repolarization of atria | QRS |
| The T waves end the ECG pattern and correspond to ventrical _______ | repolarization |
| The SA node is innervated by branches of the _______ and _______ divisions, so the CNS controls the heart rate | sympathetic and parasympathetic |
| Sympathetic ____ impulses | speed up |
| parasympathetic ________ heart rate | slow down |
| The cardiac control center of the _____ _______ maintains balance between the two autonomic divisions of the nervous system in response to messages from barareceptors | medulla oblongata |
| Detect changes in blood pressure | barareceptors |
| Impulses from the _____ and _____ may also influence heart rate, as well as temperature and concentrations of certain iions | cerebrum and hypothalamus |
| Strong, elastic vessels adapted for carrying high-pressure blood | arteries |
| arteries divide into _____ | arterioles |
| Provide support and attachment for the heart valves and fibers and keep the tissue from dilating | rings of dense connective tissue |
| Alternate pathways for blood if one is to become blocked | anastomoses |
| Cardiac veins drain blood from the heart muscle and carry it to the _____ ______ | coronary sinus |
| atria beating in unison | atrial systole |
| ventricles rest | diastole |
| Contraction of both ventricles | ventricular systole |
| smooth muscle of an artery | tunica media |
| connective tissue of an artery | tunica externa |
| When arteries shrink as directed by sympathetic impulses | vasoconstriction |
| When impulses are inhibited and arteries widen | vasodilation |
| smallest vessels consisting of only a layer of endothelium through which substances are exchanged with tissue cells | capillaries |
| Areas with a great deal of metabolic activity have ______ _______ of capillaries | higher densities |
| Can regulate the amount of blood entering a capillary bed and are controlled by oxygen concentration in the area | Precapillary sphincters |
| Why do plasma proteins remain in the blood? | Because of their larger size |
| Drives the passage of fluids and very small molecules out of capillaries | hydrostatic pressure |
| Collect excess tissue fluid and return it to circulation | lymphatic vessels |
| Force of blood against the inner walls of blood vessels | blood pressure |
| Factors that influence blood pressure | heart action, blood volume, resistance to flow, and blood viscosity |
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DarkPeriwinkle
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