Nervous system
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| Functions | monitor and react to external and internal environment.stores info and receive info from CNS and PNS.
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| CNS | Central Nervous System.brain and spinal cord
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| PNS | Peripheral nervous system.nerves leading two and from the CNS
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| Fish membranes | Primitive menix
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| Amphibians,reptiles and most birds membranes | Dura mater on out side,secondary menix
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| Mammal membranes | Dura mater,arachnoid mater,pia mater
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| Brain Gray matter | on outside,thin area,secondary info(cell bodies),cognition
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| Brain white matter | on inside,insulating axons(myelin),transmits info
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| Gyri | Ridges along cerebrum
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| Sulci | Grooves in the cerebrum
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| What are the three embryological parts of the brain? | prosencephalon,mesencephalon,rhombencephalon
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| what is the prosencephalon broken into? | represents the forebrain. Telencephalon,diencephalon
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| what region of the brain does the mesencephalon represent? | represents the midbrain.
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| what is the rhombencephalon broken into? | metencephalon,myelencephalon.
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| Rhombencephalon | most primitive part of the brain.
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| Myelencephalon of the rhombencephalon | medulla which controls basic autonomic functions(heart rate,breathing rate). this is the switching point for white and gray matter.
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| metencephalon of the rhombencephalon | cerebellum which controls coordination and equilibrium(motor functions). the body and vermis are very folded.large in fish birds and mammals.has arbor vitae.
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| arbor vitae | white matter on the inside of the cerebellum
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| mesencephalon | midbrain.contains pons,optic lobes.auditory info that transmits to inferior colliculus.starts to enlarge in amniotes.
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| pons | floor of the mid brain.this is an autonomic relay point
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| optic lobes | transmit to superior colliculus. this starts to enlarge in fish and amphibians
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| what is the tectum? | roof of the midbrain
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| diencephalon of the prosencephalon consist of what? | epithalamus,thalamus,hypothalamus.r
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| epithalamus | pinal gland(median(parietal)eye),choroid plexus secretes CSF. most dordal
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| Thalamus | relay center to cerebrum,interpret pain and temp.sleep and wake cycle.
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| hyothalamus | homeostasis center(regulation).optic chiasma ventral.pituitary ventral.most vental
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| telencephalon of the prosencephalon consists of what? | cerebral hemispheres,olfactory bulb and lobes,corpus callosum or commissure
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| cerebral hemispheres | increase in size(amniotes are about 20x larger).duplication of centers that process stimulii:cerebral cortex,hippocampus,basal ganglia
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| what stilmulii does the cerebral cortex process? | sensory and motor.
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| What stimulii does the hippocampus process? | recent memory
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| what stimulii does the basal ganglia process? | motor and decision making
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| the corpus callosum or commissure consists of what? | decussating(crossing) nerve tracts
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| all brain regions have what features? | internal hollow ventricles,cerebrospinal fluid secreted by choroid plexus.hydrocephalus(water on the brain) occurs when intervenricular foramina are blocked and CSF cant drain.
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| neuron consist of what three parts? | cell body,dendrites,axon
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| what is a synapse | a gap between the neurons
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| what is a nerve | axons bundled together in connective tissue sheath(epineurium)
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| what are the two masses that make up the brain?half makes up the mass of the brain and the spinal cord. | neurons(mass of brain and spinal cord) and neurogilia
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| neurogilia cells | secretes myelin and removes debris
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| what are neurogilia cells in the central nervous system called? | oligodendroglial
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| what are neurogilia cells in the PNS called? | Schwann cells
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| nodes of Ranvier | are the spaces between the myelin
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| sensory nerves | cell bodies in PNS(usually ganglia).revieve messages from PNS(external and internal stilmui)
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| motor nerves | (action). cell bodies in CNS.send messages out and to muscles and glands(effectors).
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| mixed nerve | contain both sensory and motor nerves.most vertebrate nerves are mixed.
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| Spinal cord | shorter than vertebral column because of the swelling in cerebral and lumbar regions(innervation of limbs). send and recieve messages to limbs therefore spinal cord has to be thicker.these nerves are split into branches near this.
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| gray matter | inside spinal cord.cytoplasm of cell bodies
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| white matter | outside spinal cord.axons(myelin sheaths)(bring messages away)
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| dorsal root of spinal nerve | enters spinal cord dorsally.carries sensory fibers.sensory ganglion just outside the spinal cord.
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| ventral root of spinal nerve | leaves the spinal cord ventrally.carries motor fibers(in gray matter).interneurons in spinal cord to coordinate between sensory and motor.
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| what is the pathway of a reflux arc | sensory receptor,sensory neuron,into dorsal root of spinal cord,interneuron in spinal cord,out ventral root of spinal cord,motor neuron,to muscle
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| Autonomic nervous system | subdivision of PNS.involuntary nervous system.enervates viscera,thoracic and lumbar regions(sympathetic system),craniosacral regions(parasympathetic).
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| thoracic and lumbar regions of the automonic nervous system | control fight or flight(rev up heart,decrease digestion).sympathetic system
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| craniosacral regions of automonic nervous system | parasympathetic.rest and repose.low heart rate,increase digestion,relaxing
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| how many cranial nerves do amniotes and sarcopterygii have? | 12 cranial nerves
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| how many cranial nerves do amphibians and fish have? | 10 cranial nerves.the other 2 cranial nerves were originally spinal nerves that become incorporated into the brain case.
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| Nerve I | olfactory.sensory.smell.some tetrapods have separate vomeronasal nerves
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| Nerve II | optic.sensory.vision.nerves cross in optic chiasma
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| Nerve III | Oculomotor.motor.moves eyes
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| Nerve IV | Trochlear.motor.moves eyes
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| Nerve V | Trigeminal.Both.Facial and jaw innervation
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| Nerve VI | abducens.motor.moves eyes
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| Nerve VII | Facial.both.taste,facial epression,saliva,tears
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| Nerve VIII | Auditory.sensory.also called vestibulocochlear.hearing and equilibrium.
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| Nerve IX | Glossopharyngeal(tongue,throat).both.back of tongue,taste,sense,carotid blood pressure,swallowing.
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| Nerve X | vagus.both.sense aortic blood pressure,sense taste,slows heart, stimulates digestion.regulates visera.
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| Nerve XI | Accessory(spinal accessory b/c caudal).motor.swallowing muscles
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| Nerve XII | hypoglossal.motor.hyoid,tongue,speaking.
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