Reproduction
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| Gonads are what | separate in male and females for most vertebrates.agnatha sometimes hermaphrodites
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| Early development of gonads | from genital ridge(hypomere).gonads are indifferent(capable of being M or F).chromosomes and hormones cause differentiation of glands and ducts into M or F structures.
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| Wolffian duct | male structures,more easily related to kidneys,turns into vas deferenes,sperm duct,ductus daferenes
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| Mullerian duct | Female structures,turns into female reproductive organs
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| Testes | x2.produce male gametes and hormones.single testes in agnatha,fish,few lizards.Smaller than ovaries except in mammals.scrotum only in mammals(inguninal canal).
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| Why do the ovaries tend to be bigger(except in mammals)? | because the yolk is so necessary and important therefore it needs a large amount of space.
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| Why are mammal testes bigger? | because of the increased sperm competition.
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| Sperm Ducts consist of what? | mesonepheric ducts(archinephric ducts),vas deferenes(ductus daferenes). no sperm ducts in cyclostomes because they go from coelom out genital pore.
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| mesonephric ducts or archinephric duct do what? | carry both sperm and urine(fish)
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| vas deferenes or ductus daferenes do what? | carry only sperm.in recent bony fish and amniotes this is an acessory sperm duct
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| Ovary | x2.product female gametes and female hormones.one ovary in agnatha,some bony fish,some sharks,some crocs,MOST birds retain left ovary,platypus and some bats. most have cavities(except mammals)
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| Ovarian ducts is from what embryonic duct? | from mullerian duct.
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| Functions of ovarian ducts | trans port eggs.coat eggs(nidamental gland(shell gland)).hold egg or young.expelling egg or young,receive sperm,storing sperm(guppies,shickens,rattlesnakes,bats).
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| Agnatha ovarian ducts | they don't have any
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| cartilaginous ovarian ducts | oviduct with shell gland.may be viviparous(live birth), have uterus and cloaca.
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| oviparous means what? | egg laying
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| bony fish ovarian ducts | duct continuous with ovary cavity
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| amphibians ovarian ducts | glands secrete jelly
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| reptile,birds,monotreme ovarian ducts | one or two oviducts,albumen gland(shell gland),shell leathery or brittle.
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| mammal ovarian ducts | oviducts,one or more uteri,one vagina in placentials, two or 3 in marsupials
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| What are the three types of uteri? | duplex,simple,intermediate
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| duplex uteri | two cavities(rabbit,opossum)
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| simple uteri | one cavity(primates)
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| intermediate uteri | two horns(bicornuate) and body of a uterus(cat,pig,cow)
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| Cloaca is the what? | common opening for intestine,urinary ductus,genital ducts
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| Agnatha and Actinopterygii cloaca | absent;may be secondary loss
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| Cloaca in all species except agnatha,actinopterygii,mammals | it is present
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| Reptiles,Birds,monotremes cloaca | partially subdivideed by urorectal fold(intestinal region,urinary+genital region).
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| Cloaca of Marsupials and placental mammals | completely partitioned therefore no cloaca.but they have a rectum and a urogenital sinus that is subdivided in primates and some rodents.
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| Intromittent organs | some dont have any(most birds,some fish and amphibians).they can include claspers,hemipenes,penis
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| claspers | on anal fins or pelvic fins.found in sharks and guppy
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| hemipenes | found in lizards and snakes
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| Penis | corocs and turtles,some birds(duck and ostirch),all mammals,marsupials have forked ones.some have a baculum
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| baculum | penis bone, found in insecivores,bats,rodents,carnivors,some primates.
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