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Comparative anatomy
Reproduction
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Gonads are what | separate in male and females for most vertebrates.agnatha sometimes hermaphrodites |
| Early development of gonads | from genital ridge(hypomere).gonads are indifferent(capable of being M or F).chromosomes and hormones cause differentiation of glands and ducts into M or F structures. |
| Wolffian duct | male structures,more easily related to kidneys,turns into vas deferenes,sperm duct,ductus daferenes |
| Mullerian duct | Female structures,turns into female reproductive organs |
| Testes | x2.produce male gametes and hormones.single testes in agnatha,fish,few lizards.Smaller than ovaries except in mammals.scrotum only in mammals(inguninal canal). |
| Why do the ovaries tend to be bigger(except in mammals)? | because the yolk is so necessary and important therefore it needs a large amount of space. |
| Why are mammal testes bigger? | because of the increased sperm competition. |
| Sperm Ducts consist of what? | mesonepheric ducts(archinephric ducts),vas deferenes(ductus daferenes). no sperm ducts in cyclostomes because they go from coelom out genital pore. |
| mesonephric ducts or archinephric duct do what? | carry both sperm and urine(fish) |
| vas deferenes or ductus daferenes do what? | carry only sperm.in recent bony fish and amniotes this is an acessory sperm duct |
| Ovary | x2.product female gametes and female hormones.one ovary in agnatha,some bony fish,some sharks,some crocs,MOST birds retain left ovary,platypus and some bats. most have cavities(except mammals) |
| Ovarian ducts is from what embryonic duct? | from mullerian duct. |
| Functions of ovarian ducts | trans port eggs.coat eggs(nidamental gland(shell gland)).hold egg or young.expelling egg or young,receive sperm,storing sperm(guppies,shickens,rattlesnakes,bats). |
| Agnatha ovarian ducts | they don't have any |
| cartilaginous ovarian ducts | oviduct with shell gland.may be viviparous(live birth), have uterus and cloaca. |
| oviparous means what? | egg laying |
| bony fish ovarian ducts | duct continuous with ovary cavity |
| amphibians ovarian ducts | glands secrete jelly |
| reptile,birds,monotreme ovarian ducts | one or two oviducts,albumen gland(shell gland),shell leathery or brittle. |
| mammal ovarian ducts | oviducts,one or more uteri,one vagina in placentials, two or 3 in marsupials |
| What are the three types of uteri? | duplex,simple,intermediate |
| duplex uteri | two cavities(rabbit,opossum) |
| simple uteri | one cavity(primates) |
| intermediate uteri | two horns(bicornuate) and body of a uterus(cat,pig,cow) |
| Cloaca is the what? | common opening for intestine,urinary ductus,genital ducts |
| Agnatha and Actinopterygii cloaca | absent;may be secondary loss |
| Cloaca in all species except agnatha,actinopterygii,mammals | it is present |
| Reptiles,Birds,monotremes cloaca | partially subdivideed by urorectal fold(intestinal region,urinary+genital region). |
| Cloaca of Marsupials and placental mammals | completely partitioned therefore no cloaca.but they have a rectum and a urogenital sinus that is subdivided in primates and some rodents. |
| Intromittent organs | some dont have any(most birds,some fish and amphibians).they can include claspers,hemipenes,penis |
| claspers | on anal fins or pelvic fins.found in sharks and guppy |
| hemipenes | found in lizards and snakes |
| Penis | corocs and turtles,some birds(duck and ostirch),all mammals,marsupials have forked ones.some have a baculum |
| baculum | penis bone, found in insecivores,bats,rodents,carnivors,some primates. |
Created by:
ejohnson17
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