Hematology Q
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| show | The process of the formed elements that are produced of blood.
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| show | The process occurs through a series of intricate steps that initiate with stem cell.
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| show | The stem may produced red cells, all classes of granulocytes, monocytes, platelets and cells of the immune system
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| 4. Where does hematopoiesis occur? | show 🗑
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| 5. What are the characteristics of RBC? | show 🗑
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| 6. Where is RBC developed? | show 🗑
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| show | About 120 days
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| show | Yes
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| show | pronormoblast
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| show | This cell will undergo 4/5 division before, in result of production of 16-32 RBC
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| show | Concomitant with the stimulation of erythropoietin the early progenitor cell production can be amplified.
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| show | A dalton glycoprotein hormone that is produced and released by the peritubular capillary linining of the kidney
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| show | liver and kidney
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| show | It governs the day to day production of RBC
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| show | The ambient level of the hormone
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| 16. How is EPO measured? | show 🗑
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| show | By the tissue availability of oxygen
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| show | To bind to receptors on the marrow erythroid precursors
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| 19. What can occur under the stimulus of EOP? | show 🗑
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| show | a stimulus to enhance EPO production is initiated
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| show | A dynamic organ made of a pool of marrow erythroid precursor cells and a large mass of mature circulating red blood cells
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| show | It depends on EPO and functional erythroid marrow, and adequate supply of nutrients for red cell production
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| 23. What are the disorders of hematological system? | show 🗑
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| 24. What are the 3 major nutrients of RBC production? | show 🗑
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| show | Iron binds to hemoglobin and facilitates the biological activity of EPO
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| show | hypo-proliferative anemia
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| 27. What causes megaloblastic anemias? | show 🗑
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| show | To carry oxygen as part of the heme protein that turns into hemoglobin
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| 29. What is Iron a critical element of? | show 🗑
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| show | Sans iron cells lose their capacity for electron transport and hemoglobin synthesis is impaired
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| show | In the plasma bound to transferin
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| show | It is a bi-lobed glycoprotein with two binding sites
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| 33. Where is majority of the iron transported by transferring delivered? | show 🗑
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| 34. What is the clearance of tranferrin directly related to? | show 🗑
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| 35. Where does the Iron transferrin complex circulate? | show 🗑
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| show | The developing erythroblast
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| show | For heme synthesis
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| show | storage protein
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| show | By a storage protein apoferritin
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| 40. What occurs when apoferritin forms ferritin? | show 🗑
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| 41. Where else does Iron storage occur? | show 🗑
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| 42. How does Iron incorporated into hemoglobin enter the circulation? | show 🗑
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| show | Becomes a part of red cell mass and cannot be re-utilized until red cell dies
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| 44. What is the life span of RBC? | show 🗑
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| 45. What causes megaloblastic anemias? | show 🗑
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| 46. What kinds of cells are affected in megaloblastic anemia? | show 🗑
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| show | Cells are larger with greater RNA to DNA ratio
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| 48. What is the end result of megaloblastic anemias? | show 🗑
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| show | It plots the proportion of hemoglobin in saturated form on its vertical axis against the prevailing oxygen tension on the horizontal axis
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| show | It will shift the curve to the left or right indication decreased or increase oxygen affinity
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| show | It will shift the curve to the right, which demonstrated decrease oxygen affinity
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| show | It decreases the oxygen affinity of hemoglobin thus increasing the requirement oxygen to obtain the same saturation.
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| 53. What does the right shift enhance? | show 🗑
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| show | Fetal hemoglobin, which shifts the curve to the left
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| show | It compensates for the lower oxygen tension that are in the human placenta
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| show | 3 hemoglobin variants appear that are subsequently transformed into fetal hemoglobin
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| 57. When does fetal hemoglobin appear? | show 🗑
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| 58. What causes Spleenic Sequestration Syndrome? | show 🗑
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| show | children under 5 years of age.
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| show | shock is possible
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| 61. What is the first line of therapy? | show 🗑
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| 62. What are the Classification of Hemoglobinopathies? | show 🗑
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| show | A specific single amino acid defects in the Beta chain
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| 64. What is Thalassemias? | show 🗑
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| show | B chain hemaglobinopathies
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| show | Fetal hemoglobin (gamma chain)
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| 67. When does the gamma chain switch to B chain? | show 🗑
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| 68. What can happen after 6 months of age? | show 🗑
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| show | The B chain hemaglobinopathies are inherited as autosomal recessive due to a single amino acid substitution.
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| show | The B chain changes from hemaglobin A to hemaglobin S from single amino acid substitution of valine for glutamic acid at position 6 of B chain.
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| show | Yes
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| 72. In what conditions does sickle sell hemoglobin tend to lose their capability of deformability that predisposes them to a sickle? | show 🗑
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| 73. What occurs in the first 5 years of life to a sickle cell anemia patient? | show 🗑
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| show | excessive number of RBC that must be catabolized which subsequently overloads the RE system and potentiates the spleenic dysfunction
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| show | Obstructing capillaries resulting in a pathology of increased adhesion and local microinfarction
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| 76. What does the process of microinfarction in sickle cell anemia patients involve? | show 🗑
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| show | Yes
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| show | Hand Foot Syndrome, Spleenic Sequestration Syndrome, Pain Crises( tubular bones), Hypoplastic Crises, Chest Syndrome, CNS infarctions, Osteomyelitis, Sepsis
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| show | It occurs in the 1st two years of life
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| show | It initiates pain and swelling of the small tubular bones of the hand and feet.
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| 81. What does a child with Hand Foot Syndrome present with? | show 🗑
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| 82. What is the treatment for Hand Foot Syndrome? | show 🗑
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| 83. What does pain crisis principally involve? | show 🗑
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| 84. Why does pain crisis occur? | show 🗑
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| show | These crises are initiated by infection, dehydration and stress.
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| 86. How are Pain Crisis treated? | show 🗑
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| show | These crises are caused by intercurrent viral infection in particular Parvo B19.
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| show | red cell production at the level of the bone marrow
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| show | Patient present with fever, lethargy, occasionally gastroenteritis and pallor
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| show | A fall in Hgb, Hct and reticulocyte count.
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| show | Chest syndrome is caused by multiple micro-infarctions in the lung resulting in perfusions defects that may result in respiratory failure
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| show | Children with chest syndrome present with acute chest pain, dyspnea, tachypnea, pallor and occasionally cyanosis
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| 93. How is Chest Syndrome best diagnosed? | show 🗑
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| 94. Are children with sickle cell disease more susceptible to strokes? | show 🗑
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| 95. Are patients with more malignant genotypes( Central African) more prone to the devastating complication of stroke and major infections? | show 🗑
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| show | Yes
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| show | Yes
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| 98. Why are sickle cell patients susceptible to infection? | show 🗑
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| 99. What do children with sickle cell disease present with? | show 🗑
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| show | Hemoglobin
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| show | Hemoglobin can alter the shape, deformability and viscosity of RBC
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| 102. What are hemoglobinopathies? | show 🗑
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| show | Neutrophils evolve in the marrow from the myeloblast into a mature neutrophil
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| 104. What does promyelocyte have? | show 🗑
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| show | The Band form has condensed band shaped nucleus and is the analog to the reticulocyte
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| show | Yes
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| 107. Where and how is neutrophils released? | show 🗑
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| 108. In what sort of pool does neutrophil circulate? | show 🗑
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| 109. How are neutrophils induced to leave the circulating pool? | show 🗑
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| 110. How are neutrophils egressed from the circulation to the tissue? | show 🗑
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| 111. The bone marrow represents how many pools? | show 🗑
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| 112. What are the three dynamic Marrow pools? | show 🗑
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| 113. What is the marrow pool? | show 🗑
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| 114. Where are the marrow pools? | show 🗑
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| show | Yes
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| 116. What percent is the free flowing pool? | show 🗑
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| show | The marginal pool are neutropils that are in close contact with the endothelium
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| 118. How does Infection affect the marrow pools? | show 🗑
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| show | Yes
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| 120. How does Epinephrine affect the marrow pools? | show 🗑
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| 121. How does Steroid affect the marrow pools? | show 🗑
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| 122. How does Leucocyte Adhesion Deficiency affect the marrow pools? | show 🗑
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| 123. What are the Plasma Cell disorders? | show 🗑
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| show | Each M protein is characterized by two Heavy Chains and two Light Chains of the identical class.
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| 125. How are the heavy chains designated? | show 🗑
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| show | Either Kappa or Lambda.
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| 127. Are Plasma Cell Disorder neoplastic? | show 🗑
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| show | These disorders are associated with the proliferation of a single clone of immunoglobulin secreting plasma cells derived from B cell immunocytes.
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| show | These disorder are characterized by immunologically homogenous proteins(M).
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| 130. What is the previous terminology for MGUS? | show 🗑
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| 131. How is MGUS defined? | show 🗑
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| show | lytic lesions, hypercalcemia, renal insufficiency and stablization of the M protein concentration.
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| show | By the neoplastic proliferation of single clone of plasma cell engaged in the production a monoclonal immunoglobulin
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| 134. In Multiple Myeloma, what is involved in the process? | show 🗑
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| show | Anemia, hypercalcemia and renal insufficiency
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| show | % of all cancers and 10% of all hematologic cancers.
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| show | The incidence is 4 per 100,000.
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| show | 65 years.
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| show | It is more common( slightly in men)
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| show | Yes
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| show | bone pain that spares the patient during sleep, anemia, weakness and fatigue.
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| show | most common is pallor.
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| show | generalized pruritis.
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| 144. How is Multiple Myeloma caused? | show 🗑
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| 145. What is Multiple Myeloma linked to? | show 🗑
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| 146. How is Multiple Myeloma linked to family clusters? | show 🗑
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| show | The plasma cell are cytoplasmic Ig+, CD38+, CD 138+, and PCA 1+
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| 148. What does the smaller % of cells express? | show 🗑
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| show | CD 20.
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| 150. Where does the premyeloma cell circulate? | show 🗑
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| show | CD4 + Tcell
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| show | Il6, TNFa, Il-1B
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| show | Lytic lesions, osteopenia, and hypercalcemia and fractures
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| 154. How are the Osteoclast activated? | show 🗑
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| show | Receptor RANK
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| show | Oteoprotegerin OPG or receptor of activator of RANK.
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| 157. How is Oteoprotegerin expressed? | show 🗑
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| show | Cytokines Il-6, TNfa and Il-1b
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| show | Cytokines Il-6, TNfa and Il-1b
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| show | by polyneuropathy, organomegaly, endocrinopathy, M protein and skin changes.
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| 161. What is the clinical features of Oseosclerotic Myeloma (POEMS)? | show 🗑
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| 162. In Oseosclerotic Myeloma (POEMS), do the patients have elevated mu protein? | show 🗑
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| 163. In Oseosclerotic Myeloma (POEMS), the patient does not have bone marrow involvement, anemia, hypecalcemia? | show 🗑
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| 164. What is Waldenstrom’s Macroglobulinemia the result of? | show 🗑
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| show | weakness, fatigue, bleeding( oronasal), blurred vision , heart failure and recurrent infections.
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| show | True
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| show | pallor, hepatospleenomegaly, retinal hemorrhages, exudates and vascular segementation.Sensimotor periheral neuropathy and extensive pulmonary involvment
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| 168. What is the most common physical examination? | show 🗑
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| show | severe normocytic normochromic anemia.
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| 170. What is evident in electrophoresis for Waldenstrom’s Macroglobulinemia? | show 🗑
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| show | True
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| show | Yes
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| show | Yes
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| 174. Is the formation of Rouleaux present on Waldenstrom’s Macroglobulinemia? | show 🗑
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| show | 10%
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| show | CD 19, CD 20, and CD 22
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| show | These disease differ from myeloma due the production of M protein characterized only by portions of the heavy chain in the serum and urine.
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| 178. In Heavy Chain Disease, how are the Gamma HCD characterized? | show 🗑
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| show | Severe anemia, coombs + anemia, hepatospleenomegaly and bone marrow(hypercellular)
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| 180. T/F. Alpha Heavy Chain Disease is the most common and occurs in Mediterranean region? | show 🗑
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| show | GI disease mal-absorption, diarrhea, steatorrehea and weight loss.
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| 182. Is there a Pathology infiltration of the jejunum with plasma cells in Alpha Heavy Chain Disease? | show 🗑
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| 183. What is the diagnosis depend on in a patient of Alpha Heavy Chain Disease? | show 🗑
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| show | True
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| show | The detection of a mu heavy chain in the serum.
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| show | Chronic lymphocytic leukemia or lymphoma.
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| show | Significant hypogammaglobulinemia
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| 188. In Cryglobinemia, what proteins are present? | show 🗑
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| 189. What are Cryglobulins? | show 🗑
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| show | Type 1 and Type 2
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| 191. How is Type 1 disease characterized? | show 🗑
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| 192. Are 80% of the patients with Type 1 Cryoglobulin asymptomatic? | show 🗑
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| 193. What is the range in Type 1 patients with monoclonal cryoglobulins? | show 🗑
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| 194. What does a Type 1 patient Cryoglobulins present with? | show 🗑
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| show | WMG,MM, and MGUS
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| 196. How are the characteristized of a Type 2 Cryoglobulin? | show 🗑
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| 197. What is Type 2 Cryoglobulins associated with? | show 🗑
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| 198. What are the Causes of Neutropenia? | show 🗑
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| show | drug induced Hematologic disorders( aplastic anemia)
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| show | Autoimmune disorders
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| show | Kostmann’s Syndrome, Shachman’s Syndrome, cyclic neutropenia
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