Bones, Muscles, Nervous System, Eyes, Ears
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| Condyle | A rounded articulating process
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| Foramen | An opening usually for blood vessels and nerves. Located all over the body.
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| Fossa | A depression
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| Meatus | An elongated opening or tunnel (ear)
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| Head | A single rounded process for articulation
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| Trochanter, tubercle, tuberosity | types of processes primarily for muscle attachment (tendons)
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| Process | A projection such as a condyle or a trochanter
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| Sinus | A cavity that gives lightness to the skull
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| Suture | Where the bones of the skull come together
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| Frontal | Anterior/superior part of skull
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| Parietal | Posterior to superior portion of frontal
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| Temporals | Inferior to middle part of parietals
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| Occipital | Posterior to parietals and temporals. Also part of cranium floor through which the spinal cord emerges.
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| Sphenoid | Inferior to anterior portion of parietals. Also in orbits and floor of cranium. Looks like a butterfly.
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| Zygomatics | Cheek bones
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| Maxillae | Upper jaw bones extending into and between orbits. Also anterior part of roof of mouth.
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| Nasals | Medial to upper part of maxillae
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| Lacrimals | Medial aspects of orbits, posterior to upper part of maxillae.
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| Ethmoid | Posterior to lacrimals in orbits. Also in mid-frontal area of cranial floor and in the nose.
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| Mandible | Lower jaw
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| Inferior nasal conchae | Lower-most of the shelf-like projections seen inside nose, part of the maxillae
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| Vomer | Lower portion of the nasal septum
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| Palatines | Posterior part of the roof of the mouth
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| Sesamoid | Grows of the cartilage. The largest is the knee cap.
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| Pathological fracture | Fracture as a result of weakened, diseased bone
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| Traumatic fracture | Fracture as a result of normal bones placed under abnormal stress.
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| Simple | Broken ends do not penetrate the skin. aka "closed" fracture
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| Compound | Broken ends penetrate the skin. aka "open" fracture
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| Complete | Bone is broken through, in upper and lower pieces
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| Incomplete | Bone is not broken through.
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| Comminuted | Bone is in more than two pieces. Mostly in geriatric patients with osteoperosis.
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| Greenstick | Bone is INCOMPLETELY broken with splintering
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| Fissured | Bone has an incomplete LONGITUDINAL break. aka "hairline" fracture
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| Spiral | Break is a result of an extreme twisting action, can be a comminuted fracture.
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| Functions of skeletal system | Hemopoeisis, Support (framework), Protection of internal organs, Storage of minerals and energy reserve, Movement
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| Amphiarthroses | Partially movable joints - ex: intervertebral, symphysis pubis
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| Diarthrosis | Freely movable joints, aka "synovial" joints. Characterized by having a joint cavity lined with a synovial membrane and lubricated by synovial fluid.
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| Ball and socket joint | Diarthrosis - ex - hip, shoulder
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| Hinge joint | Allow movement in only one place. ex - elbow, finger,
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| Pivot joint | Moving head from one side to the other while keeping head parallel to floor. Atlas and Axis joints of the neck.
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| Synarthrosis | Suture line of skull
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| Condyloid | Two angles of movement. ex - wrist, knuckles
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| Saddle joint | Carpometacarpal joint of the thumb
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| Fontanel | "Soft spot"
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| Epiphyseal disk | It's the growth plate of long bones
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| Sella turcica | Location of the pituatary gland. Passage ways of the optic nerves.
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| Cristi galli | Serves as a connection for an extension of the dura mater that covers and protects the brain.
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| Cribriform plate | Has many foramina for olfactory nerves
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| Occipital condyle | For movement of vertebral column
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| Auditory meatus - location: Ethmoid, Mandible, Sphenoid or Temporal | Temporal
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| Conchae - location: Ethmoid, Mandible, Sphenoid or Temporal | Ethmoid
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| Coronoid process - location: Ethmoid, Mandible, Sphenoid or Temporal | Mandible
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| Cribriform plate - location: Ethmoid, Mandible, Sphenoid or Temporal | Ethmoid
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| Cristi galli - location: Ethmoid, Mandible, Sphenoid or Temporal | Ethmoid
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| Greater wings - location: Ethmoid, Mandible, Sphenoid or Temporal | Sphenoid
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| Mandibular fossa - location: Ethmoid, Mandible, Sphenoid or Temporal | Mandible
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| Mastoid process - location: Ethmoid, Mandible, Sphenoid or Temporal | Mandible
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| Mental foramen - location: Ethmoid, Mandible, Sphenoid or Temporal | Mandible
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| Optic foramen - location: Ethmoid, Mandible, Sphenoid or Temporal | Sphenoid
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| Perpendicular plate - location: Ethmoid, Mandible, Sphenoid or Temporal | Sphenoid
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| Sella turcica - location: Ethmoid, Mandible, Sphenoid or Temporal | Sphenoid
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| Styloid process - location: Ethmoid, Mandible, Sphenoid or Temporal | Temporal
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| Zygomatic process - location: Ethmoid, Mandible, Sphenoid or Temporal | Temporal
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| Eight bones that make up the cranial cavity | Frontal, parietal, occipital, temporal, sphenoid, ethmoid, mandible, mental
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| Acromion process - location: Femur, Fibula, Humerus, Os coxa, Scapula, Tibia or Ulna | Scapula
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| Greater trochanter - location: Femur, Fibula, Humerus, Os coxa, Scapula, Tibia or Ulna | Femur
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| Greater tubercle - location: Femur, Fibula, Humerus, Os coxa, Scapula, Tibia or Ulna | Humerus
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| Lateral malleolus - location: Femur, Fibula, Humerus, Os coxa, Scapula, Tibia or Ulna | Tibia
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| Medial malleolus - location: Femur, Fibula, Humerus, Os coxa, Scapula, Tibia or Ulna | Fibula
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| Obturator foramen - location: Femur, Fibula, Humerus, Os coxa, Scapula, Tibia or Ulna | Os coxa
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| Olecranon process | Ulna
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| Atlas/Axis - type: Amphi, Dia (B&S), Dia (Hinge), Dia (pivot), Synarthrosis | Diarthrosis (pivot)
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| Hip - type: Amphi, Dia (B&S), Dia (Hinge), Dia (pivot), Synarthrosis | Diarthrosis (Ball & Socket)
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| Humerus/Ulna - type: Amphi, Dia (B&S), Dia (Hinge), Dia (pivot), Synarthrosis | Diarthrosis (hinge)
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| Interphalangeal - type: Amphi, Dia (B&S), Dia (Hinge), Dia (pivot), Synarthrosis | Diarthrosis (hinge)
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| Knee - type: Amphi, Dia (B&S), Dia (Hinge), Dia (pivot), Synarthrosis | Diarthrosis (hinge)
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| L1/L2 - type: Amphi, Dia (B&S), Dia (Hinge), Dia (pivot), Synarthrosis | Amphiarthrosis
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| Radius/Ulna - type: Amphi, Dia (B&S), Dia (Hinge), Dia (pivot), Synarthrosis | Diarthrosis (pivot)
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| Sagittal suture - type: Amphi, Dia (B&S), Dia (Hinge), Dia (pivot), Synarthrosis | Synarthrosis
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| Shoulder - type: Amphi, Dia (B&S), Dia (Hinge), Dia (pivot), Synarthrosis | Diarthrosis (Ball & Socket)
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| Nerve cell | Basic unit of nervous system
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| Multipolar neuron | Typical neuron
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| Parts of neuron | Axon, dendrite, cell body
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| Cell body | Found in CNS or ganglia, collection of nerve cell bodies outside of the CNS
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| Grey matter | Made up of nerve cell bodies and unmyelinated fibers
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| White matter | Peripheral nerves made up of myelinated axons
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| Axon | Transmit impulses away from the cell body
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| Dendrite | Transmit impulses into the cell body
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| Nissl bodies | Make up the ER of the neuron, involved in the anabolic activities of the cell
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| Schwann cells | a series of small cells that wrap around the fibers of the peripheral axons
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| Myelin sheath | Several layers of Schwann cells for insulation
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| Nodes of Ranvier | Gaps in the myelin sheath, allows impulses to jump between gaps resulting in increase of velocity of transmission
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| Neurilemma | Outermost part of each Schwann cell, encloses the nucleus and cytoplasm necessary for regeneration
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| Schwann cells (additional) | Only found in the periphery fibers of the brain and spinal cord, incapable of regeneration
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| Na+ channels | Only found between the myelin sheaths, NOT WITHIN
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| Fasicles | Bundles of fibers
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| Epineurium | Tough, fibrous connective tissue that bind the fasicles together
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| Endoneurium | Delicate connective tissue covering the fibers
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| Gyrus | Raised areas of the brain
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| Fissure or sulcus | Each depression between the gyrus
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| Cerebellum - function | Equilibrium
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| Cerebral aqueduct - function | Connects 3rd and 4th ventricles
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| Cerebrum - function | Higher though processes
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| Frontal lobe - function | Motor activities
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| Gyrus - function | Raised area in brain wrinkling
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| Hypothalamus - function | Critical in homeostasis
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| Medulla - function | Vital reflex center
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| Midbrain - function | Optic and auditory reflexes
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| Occipital lobe - function | Sight
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| Parietal lobe - function | General sensations
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| Sulcus - function | Depression between gyri
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| Temporal lobe - function | Hearing
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| Thalamus - function | Sensory relay
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| Sclera (eye) | Outermost layer for protection and maintenance of shape. White of the eye
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| Choroid (eye) | Dark vascular layer which absorbs light to prevent reflection. Animals that can see at night have a mother of pearl sheen to this layers.
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| Retina | Translucent inner layer which contains rods and cones.
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| Fovea centralis (eye) | Focal point of the eye
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| Cones (eye) | Concentrated in the fovea centralis to produce color vision in bright light.
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| Rods (eye) | Located throughout the retina (away from the fovea centralis). Specialized for black and white peripheral vision.
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| Lacrimal gland (eye) | Produces tears for eye lubrication. Tears contain lysozyme.
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| Anterior cavity | Between the cornea and iris. Contains aqueous humor to maintain the shape of the front of the eye.
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| Iris | Colored part of the eye.
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| Lens | Behind iris, focuses light on retina.
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| Ciliary body | Dark, circular structure around the eye
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| Pupil | Black hole of eye, opening of the iris
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| Nerve CI | Olfactory, Smell, Sensory
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| Nerve CII | Optic, Sight, Sensory
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| Nerve CIII | Oculomotor, Eyes, Motor
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| Nerve CIV | Trochlear, Eyes, Motor
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| Nerve CV | Trigeminal, Face/Tongue, Both
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| Nerve CVI | Abducens, Eyes, Motor
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| Nerve CVII | Facial, Face/Tongue, Both
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| Nerve CVIII | Acoustic, Hearing, Sensory
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| Nerve CIX | Glossopharyngeal, Tongue/Salivary, Both
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| Nerve CX | Vagus, Parasympathetic, Both
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| Nerve CXI | Spinal, Throat/Neck, Motor
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| Nerve CXII | Hypoglossal, Tongue/Chewing, Motor
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| Sensory Nervous System | Detects stimuli and transmits information from receptors to the CNS
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| Motor Nervous System | Initiates and transmits information from the CNS to effectors
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| Somatic Sensory | Sensory input that is CONSCIOUSLY perceived from receptors such as skin, eyes and ears.
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| Visceral Sensory | Sensory input that is UNCONSCIOUSLY perceived from blood vessels and internal organs
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| Somatic Motor | Motor output that is CONSCIOUSLY or VOLUNTARILY controlled; effector is skeletal muscle
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| Autonomic Motor | Motor output that UNCONSCIOUSLY or INVOLUNTARILY controlled, effectors are cardiac muscle, smooth muscle and glands
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| Multipolar Neuron | Motor and association, 99% in humans, spinal cord to muscles, many dendrites, one axon
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| Bipolar Neuron | Sensory such as eyes and ears, one dendrite, one axon, ex: eye to brain
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| Unipolar | Sensory such as skin, one dendrite and one axon meet at same connection point of neuron, ex: skin to spinal cord
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