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Lab #8 - #11
Bones, Muscles, Nervous System, Eyes, Ears
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Condyle | A rounded articulating process |
| Foramen | An opening usually for blood vessels and nerves. Located all over the body. |
| Fossa | A depression |
| Meatus | An elongated opening or tunnel (ear) |
| Head | A single rounded process for articulation |
| Trochanter, tubercle, tuberosity | types of processes primarily for muscle attachment (tendons) |
| Process | A projection such as a condyle or a trochanter |
| Sinus | A cavity that gives lightness to the skull |
| Suture | Where the bones of the skull come together |
| Frontal | Anterior/superior part of skull |
| Parietal | Posterior to superior portion of frontal |
| Temporals | Inferior to middle part of parietals |
| Occipital | Posterior to parietals and temporals. Also part of cranium floor through which the spinal cord emerges. |
| Sphenoid | Inferior to anterior portion of parietals. Also in orbits and floor of cranium. Looks like a butterfly. |
| Zygomatics | Cheek bones |
| Maxillae | Upper jaw bones extending into and between orbits. Also anterior part of roof of mouth. |
| Nasals | Medial to upper part of maxillae |
| Lacrimals | Medial aspects of orbits, posterior to upper part of maxillae. |
| Ethmoid | Posterior to lacrimals in orbits. Also in mid-frontal area of cranial floor and in the nose. |
| Mandible | Lower jaw |
| Inferior nasal conchae | Lower-most of the shelf-like projections seen inside nose, part of the maxillae |
| Vomer | Lower portion of the nasal septum |
| Palatines | Posterior part of the roof of the mouth |
| Sesamoid | Grows of the cartilage. The largest is the knee cap. |
| Pathological fracture | Fracture as a result of weakened, diseased bone |
| Traumatic fracture | Fracture as a result of normal bones placed under abnormal stress. |
| Simple | Broken ends do not penetrate the skin. aka "closed" fracture |
| Compound | Broken ends penetrate the skin. aka "open" fracture |
| Complete | Bone is broken through, in upper and lower pieces |
| Incomplete | Bone is not broken through. |
| Comminuted | Bone is in more than two pieces. Mostly in geriatric patients with osteoperosis. |
| Greenstick | Bone is INCOMPLETELY broken with splintering |
| Fissured | Bone has an incomplete LONGITUDINAL break. aka "hairline" fracture |
| Spiral | Break is a result of an extreme twisting action, can be a comminuted fracture. |
| Functions of skeletal system | Hemopoeisis, Support (framework), Protection of internal organs, Storage of minerals and energy reserve, Movement |
| Amphiarthroses | Partially movable joints - ex: intervertebral, symphysis pubis |
| Diarthrosis | Freely movable joints, aka "synovial" joints. Characterized by having a joint cavity lined with a synovial membrane and lubricated by synovial fluid. |
| Ball and socket joint | Diarthrosis - ex - hip, shoulder |
| Hinge joint | Allow movement in only one place. ex - elbow, finger, |
| Pivot joint | Moving head from one side to the other while keeping head parallel to floor. Atlas and Axis joints of the neck. |
| Synarthrosis | Suture line of skull |
| Condyloid | Two angles of movement. ex - wrist, knuckles |
| Saddle joint | Carpometacarpal joint of the thumb |
| Fontanel | "Soft spot" |
| Epiphyseal disk | It's the growth plate of long bones |
| Sella turcica | Location of the pituatary gland. Passage ways of the optic nerves. |
| Cristi galli | Serves as a connection for an extension of the dura mater that covers and protects the brain. |
| Cribriform plate | Has many foramina for olfactory nerves |
| Occipital condyle | For movement of vertebral column |
| Auditory meatus - location: Ethmoid, Mandible, Sphenoid or Temporal | Temporal |
| Conchae - location: Ethmoid, Mandible, Sphenoid or Temporal | Ethmoid |
| Coronoid process - location: Ethmoid, Mandible, Sphenoid or Temporal | Mandible |
| Cribriform plate - location: Ethmoid, Mandible, Sphenoid or Temporal | Ethmoid |
| Cristi galli - location: Ethmoid, Mandible, Sphenoid or Temporal | Ethmoid |
| Greater wings - location: Ethmoid, Mandible, Sphenoid or Temporal | Sphenoid |
| Mandibular fossa - location: Ethmoid, Mandible, Sphenoid or Temporal | Mandible |
| Mastoid process - location: Ethmoid, Mandible, Sphenoid or Temporal | Mandible |
| Mental foramen - location: Ethmoid, Mandible, Sphenoid or Temporal | Mandible |
| Optic foramen - location: Ethmoid, Mandible, Sphenoid or Temporal | Sphenoid |
| Perpendicular plate - location: Ethmoid, Mandible, Sphenoid or Temporal | Sphenoid |
| Sella turcica - location: Ethmoid, Mandible, Sphenoid or Temporal | Sphenoid |
| Styloid process - location: Ethmoid, Mandible, Sphenoid or Temporal | Temporal |
| Zygomatic process - location: Ethmoid, Mandible, Sphenoid or Temporal | Temporal |
| Eight bones that make up the cranial cavity | Frontal, parietal, occipital, temporal, sphenoid, ethmoid, mandible, mental |
| Acromion process - location: Femur, Fibula, Humerus, Os coxa, Scapula, Tibia or Ulna | Scapula |
| Greater trochanter - location: Femur, Fibula, Humerus, Os coxa, Scapula, Tibia or Ulna | Femur |
| Greater tubercle - location: Femur, Fibula, Humerus, Os coxa, Scapula, Tibia or Ulna | Humerus |
| Lateral malleolus - location: Femur, Fibula, Humerus, Os coxa, Scapula, Tibia or Ulna | Tibia |
| Medial malleolus - location: Femur, Fibula, Humerus, Os coxa, Scapula, Tibia or Ulna | Fibula |
| Obturator foramen - location: Femur, Fibula, Humerus, Os coxa, Scapula, Tibia or Ulna | Os coxa |
| Olecranon process | Ulna |
| Atlas/Axis - type: Amphi, Dia (B&S), Dia (Hinge), Dia (pivot), Synarthrosis | Diarthrosis (pivot) |
| Hip - type: Amphi, Dia (B&S), Dia (Hinge), Dia (pivot), Synarthrosis | Diarthrosis (Ball & Socket) |
| Humerus/Ulna - type: Amphi, Dia (B&S), Dia (Hinge), Dia (pivot), Synarthrosis | Diarthrosis (hinge) |
| Interphalangeal - type: Amphi, Dia (B&S), Dia (Hinge), Dia (pivot), Synarthrosis | Diarthrosis (hinge) |
| Knee - type: Amphi, Dia (B&S), Dia (Hinge), Dia (pivot), Synarthrosis | Diarthrosis (hinge) |
| L1/L2 - type: Amphi, Dia (B&S), Dia (Hinge), Dia (pivot), Synarthrosis | Amphiarthrosis |
| Radius/Ulna - type: Amphi, Dia (B&S), Dia (Hinge), Dia (pivot), Synarthrosis | Diarthrosis (pivot) |
| Sagittal suture - type: Amphi, Dia (B&S), Dia (Hinge), Dia (pivot), Synarthrosis | Synarthrosis |
| Shoulder - type: Amphi, Dia (B&S), Dia (Hinge), Dia (pivot), Synarthrosis | Diarthrosis (Ball & Socket) |
| Nerve cell | Basic unit of nervous system |
| Multipolar neuron | Typical neuron |
| Parts of neuron | Axon, dendrite, cell body |
| Cell body | Found in CNS or ganglia, collection of nerve cell bodies outside of the CNS |
| Grey matter | Made up of nerve cell bodies and unmyelinated fibers |
| White matter | Peripheral nerves made up of myelinated axons |
| Axon | Transmit impulses away from the cell body |
| Dendrite | Transmit impulses into the cell body |
| Nissl bodies | Make up the ER of the neuron, involved in the anabolic activities of the cell |
| Schwann cells | a series of small cells that wrap around the fibers of the peripheral axons |
| Myelin sheath | Several layers of Schwann cells for insulation |
| Nodes of Ranvier | Gaps in the myelin sheath, allows impulses to jump between gaps resulting in increase of velocity of transmission |
| Neurilemma | Outermost part of each Schwann cell, encloses the nucleus and cytoplasm necessary for regeneration |
| Schwann cells (additional) | Only found in the periphery fibers of the brain and spinal cord, incapable of regeneration |
| Na+ channels | Only found between the myelin sheaths, NOT WITHIN |
| Fasicles | Bundles of fibers |
| Epineurium | Tough, fibrous connective tissue that bind the fasicles together |
| Endoneurium | Delicate connective tissue covering the fibers |
| Gyrus | Raised areas of the brain |
| Fissure or sulcus | Each depression between the gyrus |
| Cerebellum - function | Equilibrium |
| Cerebral aqueduct - function | Connects 3rd and 4th ventricles |
| Cerebrum - function | Higher though processes |
| Frontal lobe - function | Motor activities |
| Gyrus - function | Raised area in brain wrinkling |
| Hypothalamus - function | Critical in homeostasis |
| Medulla - function | Vital reflex center |
| Midbrain - function | Optic and auditory reflexes |
| Occipital lobe - function | Sight |
| Parietal lobe - function | General sensations |
| Sulcus - function | Depression between gyri |
| Temporal lobe - function | Hearing |
| Thalamus - function | Sensory relay |
| Sclera (eye) | Outermost layer for protection and maintenance of shape. White of the eye |
| Choroid (eye) | Dark vascular layer which absorbs light to prevent reflection. Animals that can see at night have a mother of pearl sheen to this layers. |
| Retina | Translucent inner layer which contains rods and cones. |
| Fovea centralis (eye) | Focal point of the eye |
| Cones (eye) | Concentrated in the fovea centralis to produce color vision in bright light. |
| Rods (eye) | Located throughout the retina (away from the fovea centralis). Specialized for black and white peripheral vision. |
| Lacrimal gland (eye) | Produces tears for eye lubrication. Tears contain lysozyme. |
| Anterior cavity | Between the cornea and iris. Contains aqueous humor to maintain the shape of the front of the eye. |
| Iris | Colored part of the eye. |
| Lens | Behind iris, focuses light on retina. |
| Ciliary body | Dark, circular structure around the eye |
| Pupil | Black hole of eye, opening of the iris |
| Nerve CI | Olfactory, Smell, Sensory |
| Nerve CII | Optic, Sight, Sensory |
| Nerve CIII | Oculomotor, Eyes, Motor |
| Nerve CIV | Trochlear, Eyes, Motor |
| Nerve CV | Trigeminal, Face/Tongue, Both |
| Nerve CVI | Abducens, Eyes, Motor |
| Nerve CVII | Facial, Face/Tongue, Both |
| Nerve CVIII | Acoustic, Hearing, Sensory |
| Nerve CIX | Glossopharyngeal, Tongue/Salivary, Both |
| Nerve CX | Vagus, Parasympathetic, Both |
| Nerve CXI | Spinal, Throat/Neck, Motor |
| Nerve CXII | Hypoglossal, Tongue/Chewing, Motor |
| Sensory Nervous System | Detects stimuli and transmits information from receptors to the CNS |
| Motor Nervous System | Initiates and transmits information from the CNS to effectors |
| Somatic Sensory | Sensory input that is CONSCIOUSLY perceived from receptors such as skin, eyes and ears. |
| Visceral Sensory | Sensory input that is UNCONSCIOUSLY perceived from blood vessels and internal organs |
| Somatic Motor | Motor output that is CONSCIOUSLY or VOLUNTARILY controlled; effector is skeletal muscle |
| Autonomic Motor | Motor output that UNCONSCIOUSLY or INVOLUNTARILY controlled, effectors are cardiac muscle, smooth muscle and glands |
| Multipolar Neuron | Motor and association, 99% in humans, spinal cord to muscles, many dendrites, one axon |
| Bipolar Neuron | Sensory such as eyes and ears, one dendrite, one axon, ex: eye to brain |
| Unipolar | Sensory such as skin, one dendrite and one axon meet at same connection point of neuron, ex: skin to spinal cord |
Created by:
daydreamer67
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