Spinal Cord, Spinal Nerves, and Spinal Reflexes
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| where does the spinal cord end in an adult normally? | between vertebrae L1 and L2
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| where does the spinal cord end in an infant? | around L3
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| supplies nerves of shoulders and upper limbs | cervical enlargement
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| supplies nerves of pelvis and lower limbs | lumbar enlargement
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| distal end: thin, conical spinal cord below the lumber enlargement | conus medullaris
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| distal end: thin thread of fibrous tissue at the end of the conus medullaris; attaches to the coccygeal ligament | filum terminale
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| distal end: nerve roots extending below the conus medullaris (horse tail) | cauda equina
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| contains axons of motor neurons | ventral root
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| contains axons of sensory neurons | dorsal root
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| contains cell bodies of sensory neurons | dorsal root ganglia
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| created when a dorsal and ventral root join | spinal nerves
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| these protect the spinal cord, carry blood supply and are continuous with cranial meninges | spinal meninges
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| can be both viral or bacterial; infection of the meninges | meningitis
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| 3 meningeal layers: outer layer of spinal cord (TOUGH MOTHER) | dura mater
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| 3 meningeal layers: middle layer | arachnoid mater
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| 3 meningeal layers: inner layer | pia mater
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| between the spinal dura mater and walls of vertebral canal; anesthetic injection site | epidural space
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| between the arachnoid mater and dura mater | subdural space
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| between the arachnoid mater and pia mater; contains arachnoid trabeculae and is filled with CSF | subarachnoid space
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| what is CSF? | cerebrospinal fluid
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| subarachnoid space is filled with what? | CSF
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| withdrawal of CSF | spinal tap
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| stabilizes movement and extends from pia to dura | paired denticulate ligaments
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| these are found in subarachnoid space | blood vessels
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| superficial; both myelinated and unmyelinated axons | white matter
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| surround central canal of spinal cord; has projections (gray horns) | gray matter
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| functional group of cell body | nuclei
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| dorsal (posterior); connects to receptors | sensory nuclei
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| ventral (anterior); connects to effectors | motor nuclei
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| gray horns: somatic and visceral sensory nuclei | posterior gray horn
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| gray horns: somatic motor nuclei | anterior gray horn
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| gray horns: thoracic and lumbar segments; visceral motor nuclei | lateral gray horn
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| 3 connective tissue layers: outer layer; dense network of collagen fibers | EPIneurium
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| 3 connective tissue layers: middle layer; surrounds fascicles | PERIneurium
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| 3 connective tissue layers: inner layer; surrounds individual axons | ENDOneurium
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| bilateral region of the skin; monitored by specific pair of spinal nerves | dermatomes
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| regional loss of sensory or motor function; due to trauma or compression | peripheral neuropathy
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| complex networks of fibers formed from blended fibers of ventral rami of spinal nerves | nerve plexuses
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| 4 major plexuses? (CBLS) | cervical, brachial, lumbar, and sacral
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| spinal nerves C1-C5; controls muscles of the neck | cervical plexus
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| major nerve of C3-C5 that controls the diaphragm | phrenic nerve
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| spinal nerves C5-T1; controls pectoral girdle and upper limbs | brachial plexus
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| controls pelvic girdle and lower limb | lumbar and sacral plexuses
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| spinal nerves T12-L4 | lumbar plexus
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| spinal nerves L4-S4 | sacral plexus
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| major nerves of sacral plexus | pudendal and sciatic
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| penis related nerve | pudendal nerve
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| nerve that runs from buttock region all the way down to the toes; about a meter long; composed of 2 parts | sciatic nerve
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| 2 parts of the sciatic nerve | fibular nerve and tibial nerve
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| automatic responses coordinated within the spinal cord; composed of interconnections of sensory, motor, and interneurons | reflexes
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| development of reflexes: basic neural reflexes one is born with; formed before birth | innate reflexes
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| development of reflexes: rapid and automatic; learned motor patterns | acquired reflexes
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| response: involuntary control of nervous system | somatic reflexes
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| response: control systems other than muscular system | visceral (autonomic reflexes)
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| complexity: sensory neurons synapses directly onto motor neuron | monosynaptic reflex
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| complexity: when there is at least one interneuron between sensory and motor neurons | polysynaptic reflex
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| occurs in spinal cord | spinal reflexes
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| occurs in bran | cranial reflexes
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| the only example of a monosynaptic reflex | stretch reflex (patella "jumping" when tapped)
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| stretch reflex that helps maintain balance and posture | postural reflex
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| produce either EPSPs or IPSPs; have interneurons | polysynaptic reflexes
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| examples of polysynaptic reflexes | tendon reflex, withdrawal (flexor) reflex, cross extensor reflex
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| prevents muscle from developing too much tension or from tearing or breaking tendons | tendon reflex
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| moving the body part away from a stimulus | flexor (withdrawal) reflex
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| for the flexor reflex to work, what must happen? | reciprocal inhabitation-stretch of flexor permitted when the extensor is inhibited
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| reflex arcs: occurs on the same side of the body as the stimulus | ipsilateral reflex arc
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| reflex arcs: occurs on the opposite side of the body from the stimulus | crossed-extensor reflexes
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| reflex behaviors are ___________ | automatic
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| reinforcement of spinal reflexes | reinforcement; stimulates excitatory neurons; creates EPSPs; facilitate neurons
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| inhabitation of spinal relfexes | inhibition; stimulates inhibitory neurons; creates IPSPs; suppress neurons
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| may be used to indicate CNS damage in adults; opposite affect of infants | babinski relfex
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Created by:
Lacey1
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