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AP1-Chapter 13
Spinal Cord, Spinal Nerves, and Spinal Reflexes
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| where does the spinal cord end in an adult normally? | between vertebrae L1 and L2 |
| where does the spinal cord end in an infant? | around L3 |
| supplies nerves of shoulders and upper limbs | cervical enlargement |
| supplies nerves of pelvis and lower limbs | lumbar enlargement |
| distal end: thin, conical spinal cord below the lumber enlargement | conus medullaris |
| distal end: thin thread of fibrous tissue at the end of the conus medullaris; attaches to the coccygeal ligament | filum terminale |
| distal end: nerve roots extending below the conus medullaris (horse tail) | cauda equina |
| contains axons of motor neurons | ventral root |
| contains axons of sensory neurons | dorsal root |
| contains cell bodies of sensory neurons | dorsal root ganglia |
| created when a dorsal and ventral root join | spinal nerves |
| these protect the spinal cord, carry blood supply and are continuous with cranial meninges | spinal meninges |
| can be both viral or bacterial; infection of the meninges | meningitis |
| 3 meningeal layers: outer layer of spinal cord (TOUGH MOTHER) | dura mater |
| 3 meningeal layers: middle layer | arachnoid mater |
| 3 meningeal layers: inner layer | pia mater |
| between the spinal dura mater and walls of vertebral canal; anesthetic injection site | epidural space |
| between the arachnoid mater and dura mater | subdural space |
| between the arachnoid mater and pia mater; contains arachnoid trabeculae and is filled with CSF | subarachnoid space |
| what is CSF? | cerebrospinal fluid |
| subarachnoid space is filled with what? | CSF |
| withdrawal of CSF | spinal tap |
| stabilizes movement and extends from pia to dura | paired denticulate ligaments |
| these are found in subarachnoid space | blood vessels |
| superficial; both myelinated and unmyelinated axons | white matter |
| surround central canal of spinal cord; has projections (gray horns) | gray matter |
| functional group of cell body | nuclei |
| dorsal (posterior); connects to receptors | sensory nuclei |
| ventral (anterior); connects to effectors | motor nuclei |
| gray horns: somatic and visceral sensory nuclei | posterior gray horn |
| gray horns: somatic motor nuclei | anterior gray horn |
| gray horns: thoracic and lumbar segments; visceral motor nuclei | lateral gray horn |
| 3 connective tissue layers: outer layer; dense network of collagen fibers | EPIneurium |
| 3 connective tissue layers: middle layer; surrounds fascicles | PERIneurium |
| 3 connective tissue layers: inner layer; surrounds individual axons | ENDOneurium |
| bilateral region of the skin; monitored by specific pair of spinal nerves | dermatomes |
| regional loss of sensory or motor function; due to trauma or compression | peripheral neuropathy |
| complex networks of fibers formed from blended fibers of ventral rami of spinal nerves | nerve plexuses |
| 4 major plexuses? (CBLS) | cervical, brachial, lumbar, and sacral |
| spinal nerves C1-C5; controls muscles of the neck | cervical plexus |
| major nerve of C3-C5 that controls the diaphragm | phrenic nerve |
| spinal nerves C5-T1; controls pectoral girdle and upper limbs | brachial plexus |
| controls pelvic girdle and lower limb | lumbar and sacral plexuses |
| spinal nerves T12-L4 | lumbar plexus |
| spinal nerves L4-S4 | sacral plexus |
| major nerves of sacral plexus | pudendal and sciatic |
| penis related nerve | pudendal nerve |
| nerve that runs from buttock region all the way down to the toes; about a meter long; composed of 2 parts | sciatic nerve |
| 2 parts of the sciatic nerve | fibular nerve and tibial nerve |
| automatic responses coordinated within the spinal cord; composed of interconnections of sensory, motor, and interneurons | reflexes |
| development of reflexes: basic neural reflexes one is born with; formed before birth | innate reflexes |
| development of reflexes: rapid and automatic; learned motor patterns | acquired reflexes |
| response: involuntary control of nervous system | somatic reflexes |
| response: control systems other than muscular system | visceral (autonomic reflexes) |
| complexity: sensory neurons synapses directly onto motor neuron | monosynaptic reflex |
| complexity: when there is at least one interneuron between sensory and motor neurons | polysynaptic reflex |
| occurs in spinal cord | spinal reflexes |
| occurs in bran | cranial reflexes |
| the only example of a monosynaptic reflex | stretch reflex (patella "jumping" when tapped) |
| stretch reflex that helps maintain balance and posture | postural reflex |
| produce either EPSPs or IPSPs; have interneurons | polysynaptic reflexes |
| examples of polysynaptic reflexes | tendon reflex, withdrawal (flexor) reflex, cross extensor reflex |
| prevents muscle from developing too much tension or from tearing or breaking tendons | tendon reflex |
| moving the body part away from a stimulus | flexor (withdrawal) reflex |
| for the flexor reflex to work, what must happen? | reciprocal inhabitation-stretch of flexor permitted when the extensor is inhibited |
| reflex arcs: occurs on the same side of the body as the stimulus | ipsilateral reflex arc |
| reflex arcs: occurs on the opposite side of the body from the stimulus | crossed-extensor reflexes |
| reflex behaviors are ___________ | automatic |
| reinforcement of spinal reflexes | reinforcement; stimulates excitatory neurons; creates EPSPs; facilitate neurons |
| inhabitation of spinal relfexes | inhibition; stimulates inhibitory neurons; creates IPSPs; suppress neurons |
| may be used to indicate CNS damage in adults; opposite affect of infants | babinski relfex |
Created by:
Lacey1
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