AP Euro - Scientific Revolution
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| Scientific Revolution | This became the major cause of the new world view of the 17th and 18th centuries. A new way of thinking about the natural world that challenged traditional views and instead relied upon experimentation.
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| Copernicus, heliocentric view | 1473-1543
Argued that the earth revolved around the sun and that the sun was the center of the universe
Seemed to challenged the Bible's Book of Genesis that also put forth a geocentric view.
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| Tycho Brahe | 1546-1601
Europe's leading astronomer in the late 16th century
Built the best observatory in Europe and collected massive data on his observations of the universe
His data later proved Copernicus' theory
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| Johannes Kepler | 1571-1630
First great Protestant scientist; assistant to Brahe
Mathematically proved Copernicus' theory
Developed 3 Laws of Planetary Motion
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| 3 Laws of Planetary Motion | Orbits of planets are elliptical
Planets do not move at uniform speed while in their orbits
The time if takes for a planet to orbit the sun is directly based on its distance from the sun
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| Galileo | 1564-1642
Developed Laws of Motion
Validated Copernicus view with the aid of a telescope
First to use a telescope, scientific instrument
His findings became controversial in Catholic countries
1616 the Catholic Church - Copernican theory - heretical
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| Laws of Motion | Used the experimental method,with controlled experiments
Accelerations experiments: gravity was a universal force that produced uniform acceleration
Law of inertia: An object that is in motion remains in motion until it is stopped by some external force
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| Telescope | an optical instrument designed to make distant objects appear nearer, containing an arrangement of lenses, or of curved mirrors and lenses, by which rays of light are collected and focused and the resulting image magnified
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| Francis Bacon | 1561-1626
Formalized the empirical method
Inductive method for scientific experimentation
His method along with Descartes deductive reason formed the backbone of the modern scientific method.
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| Empiricism | Formalized by Francis Bacon
The theory that all knowledge is derived from sense-experience
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| Inductive method | Begin with inductive observation, then form a hypothesis, conduct experiments and then organize the data.
Renounce notions and begin to form an acquaintance with things
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| Rene Descartes | 1596-1650
Discourse on Method advocated the use of deductive reasoning
Proof depended on logic alone
Believed science must:
start with clear and incontrovertible facts
Subdivide each problem in as many parts as necessary, step-by-step logical way
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| Deductive reasoning | A logical process in which a conclusion drawn from a set of premises contains no more information than the premises taken collectively.
Formed by Descartes
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| cogito ergo sum | (“I think; therefore, I am”)
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| Cartesian dualism | Divided all existence into the spiritual and the material
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| Scientific method | Inductive method(of Bacon) + Deductive Method(of Descartes)
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| Isaac Newton | 1642-1727
Incorporated the astronomy of Copernicus and Kepler with the physics of Galileo into an overarching theory explaining order and design to the universe
Formed the Principle of Universal Gravitation
Invented calculus
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| Principle of universal gravitation | Natural Laws of motion - gravitation - are evident in the movement of heavenly bodies and earthly objects
Everybody in the universe attracts every other body in the universe in a precise mathematical relationship
Foundation of Deism
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| Principia, 1687 | Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy
Perhaps the greatest book on science ever written
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| Vesalius | The Structure of the Human Body (1543):renewed and modernized the study of anatomy.
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| William Harvey | 1578-1657
On the Movement of the Heart and Blood(1628)
Explained how blood was pumped by the heart and circulated throughout the body
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| Anton van Leeuwenhoek | 1623-1723
Father of microscopy: developed powerful microscopes
First to see and write about bacteria, yeast plants, living organisms in a drop of water and the circulation of blood corpuscles in capillaries.
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