Circulatory system
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| What is transported? | oxygen,co2,nutrients,water,hormones,nitrogen waste,WBC,platelets,RBCw/hemoglobin,proteins,dissolved ions,antibodies,heat(thermoregulation)
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| Path of general circulation | heart,arteries,arterioles,capillary bed in organ,venlues,veins
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| Path of general hepatic portal system | heart,arteries,arterioles,capillary bed in intestine,portal vein,capillary bed in liver,venlues,veins
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| Lymphatic vessels | like veins but dump lymphnodes into heart.
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| Fish heart | 4 undivided chambers,primitive-single circuit pump-gills. linear arrangement,contract from caudal to cranial.single stream of blood(lowO2).heart mass/body mass ratio low b/c if heart were too big would blow capillaries out.
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| Path of blood in fish | sinus venosis(thin walled),atrium(thin walled),ventricle(thick walled),cornus arterious(thick walled)
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| Sinus venosus | thin wall, recieves blood from common cardinal veins, hepatic veins
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| atrium | large and thin walled
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| ventricle | thick wall,responsible for pumping.
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| corus arteriosus | short in bony fish and amphibians.continuous with ventral aorta(right under chin and tongue in shark)
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| Tetrapod lungs | double circulation, low pressure pulmonary circuit(R)(lungs are right there),high pressure systemic circuit(L)(have to go further).Some chambers are partitioned
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| Transitional hearts | atrium division in lung fish and salamanders(partial),frogs(complete).Ventricle division in lung fish(partial),all amphibians(no division) but have trabeculae that help guide blood.conus division in lung fish and amphibians are partial(spiral valve)
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| Shunting | sends blood where you need it and close off areas where you dont need it. regulate where blood goes.
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| Reptile heart | artrium is completely divided,ventricle is partial in many,extra chamber in many,fully divided in crocs.Conus has 3channels.pulmonary,left systemic and right systemic that join to form single dorsal aorta.
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| crocodilian heart | in air-right ventricle pumps to pulmonary,left ventricle pumps to both R+L aortic arches,using Foramen of Panizza to connect them.Diving-Rventricle shunts blood to body,L ventricle is normal.
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| Bird and mammal heart | 4 chambers,2 artia and 2 ventricles;complete division.Lventricle especially muscular.conus-pulmonary systemic circuit,mammals single L systemic arch,Birds single R systemic arch.
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| Path of a single drop of blood in mammals | cranial/caudal vena cava,R atrium,Tricuspid,Rventricle,Pulmonary trunk,Pulm.artery,Pulm.Veins,L.artium,bicuspid,L.ventricle,aorta w/R arch.
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| Blood vessels | closed system-blood always in vessels.capillaries-some plasma leakes.lymph vessels collect leaked fluid.return it to venous system into subclavian veins.elephantiosis-lymphatic filariosis,nematode worms block lymph system
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| Circulatory system characteristics | variable in anatomy,flexability(transplant a vein,it will act like an artery,tie off part,other parts enlarge,five fold variation in flow rate,shunting)
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| Types of vessels | capillaries,arteries,veins
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| capillaries | Tunica intima(all blood vessels have) this is where loose epithelial cells that are one cell thick.Site of material exchange
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| arteries | thick wall. small bore(part blood flows through).consists of tunica intima,Tunica media(smooth muscle+elastic,inner layer).Tunica adventitia(thick connective tissue,outer most layer)
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| veins | thin wall,large bore.same as artery, only much thinner, no elastic.valves to prevent back flow b/c no smooth muscle.holds more blood than arteries.
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| Patterns of Circulation | consists of the arterial system
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| arterial system | 6 aortic arches(different from pharyngeal arches). in embryo;differentiate into head arteries. arches 6,4,3 are important in terms of transitions
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| aortic arches of cartilage fish | 1st arch lost,rest branchial(afferent/efferent).
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| aortic arches of bony fish | 1st and 2nd arches lost.rest branchial
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| aortic arches of lung fish | like bony fish,pulmonary artery from arch 6.
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| aortic arches of tetrapods | 1st and 2nd lost,dorsal segment dropped between 3rd and 4th arches.arch 3 now carotid complex.3rd arch extends to Internal carotid with carotic arch.ventral aorta extension is now external carotid.common carotic at base between 3rd and 4th.
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| 4th aortic arch in tetrapods | systemic(aortic arch).amphibians,reptials both R+L. Birds only R.mammals only L.
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| 5th and 6th aortic arch in tetrapods | 5th arch is lost.6th is pulmonary.
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| Arterial system consists of what? | dorsal aorta,ventral branches,lateral branches,dorsal branches,posterior appendages,anterior appendages.
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| dorsal aorta | large median vessel
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| ventral braches | celiac artery(stomach).mesenteric arteries
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| lateral branches | renal,ovarian,testicular
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| dorsal branches | to muscles,skin
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| posterior appendages | iliac arteries
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| anterior arteries | subclavian arteries
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| What are the three Venous systems? | subintestinal,cardinal,lateral abdominal
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| subintestinal | hepatic portal vein in adult drains digestive organs, goes to liver
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| cardinal | drains head, body wall,kidneys(renal portal in many not mammals.
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| Lateral abdominal | drains posterior limbs, body wall.
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| Portal system circulation | starts in either the sm.Intestine,spleen,stomach. goes to the hepatic portal,goes to liver,and then hepatic veins.
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| Portal system | Veins drain organ and dump blood into other organ instead of heart.
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| Hepatic portal system | specialized.from embryonic subintestinal.drains capillary beds of intestine,stomach,spleen to liver.no need to go to heart first.increase nutrients, decrease O2
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| cardinal system parts | Primitive,drains head,tail. subsystem:renal portal
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| Primitive, drains head,tail consists of what? | anterior and posterior cardinal veins
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| Subsystem:renal portal consists of what? | routes venous blood through kidneys,not in mammals.
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| Subsystem path in fish | tail capillaries...renal portal(kidneys)...post cardinal
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| Subsystem path in tetrapods | tail capillaries...renal portal(kidneys)...post cava
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| Modifications to Basic Cardinal venous system | mammals lose renal portal.pre-cava from right common cardinal,internal jugular from anterior cardinal veins,posterior vena cava from parts of posterior cardinals and parts of renal portal,azygous vein from Rt posterior cardinal.
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| Lateral Abdominal system | drains posterior limb and body wall
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| Fetal Circulation consists of what? | Foramen Ovale,Ductus arteriosus,umbilical arteries,umbilical vein,ductus venosus. From the right atrium blood goes directly into the left atrium via the Foramen ovale.
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| Foramen Ovale | opening between atria(to avoid lungs because they are not developed yet).
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| Ductus arteriosus | connect pulmonary to aorta(by pass lungs)
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| umbilical arteries | x2.branch from iliac.out to placenta with waste
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| umbilical veins | single.nutrient and O2 rich.brings oxygen and blood back to fetus.
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| Ductus venosus | found in the liver
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