Urinary/Male Reproduction System- Reverse Defs
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| fistula | abnormal passage from a hollow organ to the surface or from one organ to another
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| intravenous pyelography | imaging of the urinary tract after IV injection of a contrast medium; also called excretory urography
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| nephrostomy | passage of a tube through the skin and into the renal pelvis to drain urine to a collecting receptacle outside the body when the ureters are unable to do so
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| interstitial cystitis | chronic inflammation of the bladder wall that is not caused by bacterial infection and is not responsive to conventional antibiotic therapy; also called painful bladder syndrome
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| cystoscopy | examination of the urinary bladder for evidence of pathology, obtaining biopsies of tumours or other growths and removal of the polyps using a specialized endoscope
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| nephrolithiasis | presence of a kidney stone
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| antispasmodics | decrease spasms in the urethra and bladder by relaxing the smooth muscles lining their walls, thus allowing normal emptying of the bladder
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| kidney stones or calculi | hard objects built up from salts and minerals in the urinary tract
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| lithotriptor | a device that destroys urinary stones with laser technology
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| nephrotomography | a study in which several planes of the kidney are visualized
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| hydronephrosis | abnormal dilation of the renal pelvis and the calyces of one or both kidneys due to pressure from accumulated urine that can't flow past an obstruction
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| mid-stream urine specimen | also called clean catch urine specimen; a urine specimen collected after cleansing oneself and discarding the first part of the urine stream to avoid contamination; used for C&S
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| renal pelvis | an enlarged funnel-shaped extension of the ureter
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| ureteropyelostomy | anastomosis of ureter and renal pelvis
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| end-stage renal disease | any type of kidney disease in which there is little or no remaining function, requiring the patient to undergo dialysis or kidney transplant to survive
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| bladder neck obstruction | blockage at the base of the bladder that reduces or prevents urine from passing into the urethra
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| renal artery | carries waste laden blood to the tubules within the kidney for purification
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| culture and sensitivity | determines the causative organism of an infection and identifies how the organism responds to various antibiotics
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| blood urea nitrogen | determines the amount of nitrogen in blood that comes from urea, a waste product of protein
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| ureterectasis | dilation of the ureter
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| vesicoureteral reflux | disorder caused by failure of urine to pass through the ureters to the bladder, usually due to impairment of the valve between the ureter and bladder or obstruction in the ureter
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| urinary system | eliminates harmful products in the blood and filters them through urination
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| nephron | filtering units located in the kidney tissue that continually adjust body conditions to add or remove substances from the blood
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| filtrate | fluid that passes from the blood through the capillary walls of the glomeruli into the Bowman capsule
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| neurogenic bladder | impairment of bladder control due to brain or nerve conduction
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| incontinence | inability to control urine elimination or bowel function
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| retention | inability to void urine which is present in the bladder
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| cystitis | inflammation of the bladder
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| polycystic kidney disease | inherited disease in which sacs of fluid called cysts develop in the kidneys
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| stent placement | insertion of a mesh tube into a natural passage conduit in the body to prevent, or counteract a disease-induced, localized flow constriction
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| ureteral stent placement | insertion of a thin narrow tube into the ureter to prevent or treat obstruction of urine flow from the kidney
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| enuresis | involuntary discharge of urine; also called incontinence
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| plasma | liquid portion of blood that is filtered by the nephrons to remove dissolved wastes
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| nephronic syndrome | loss of large amounts of plasma protein, usually albumin, through urine due to an increased permeability of the glomerular membrane
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| electromyography | measure the contraction of muscles that control urination using electrodes placed in the rectum and urethra
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| dialysis | mechanical filtering process used to cleanse the blood of toxic substances, such as nitrogenous wastes, when kidneys fail to function properly
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| electrolyte | mineral salt (sodium, potassium, or calcium) that caries an electrical charge
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| Bowman capsule | part of the renal corpuscle; surrounds the glomerulus of the nephron
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| nitrogenous wastes | product of protein metabolism that include urea, uric acid, creatine, creatinine and ammonia
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| cystocele | prolapsing or downward displacement of the bladder due to weakening of the supporting tissues between a woman's bladder and vagina
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| diuretics | promote and increace the excretion of urine
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| Wilms tumour | rapidly developing malignant neoplasm of the kidney that usually occurs in children
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| ureterovesicostomy | reimplantation of a ureter into the bladder
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| pyelolithotomy | removal of a stone from the renal pelvis by an incision
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| potassium supplements | replace potassium due to depletion caused by diuretics
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| peristaltic wave | sequence of rhythmic contractions of smooth muscles of a hollow organ to force material forward and prevent backflow
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| peritoneum | serous membrane that lines the abdominopelvic cavity and covers most of the organs within the cavity
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| nephrolysis | surgical separation of an inflamed kidney from adhesions
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| nuclear scan | technique in which a radiopharmaceutical called a tracer is introduced into the body and a specialized camera is used to produce images of organs and structures
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| calyx | the cuplike division of the kidney pelvis
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| glomerulus | the microscopic cluster of capillaries within the Bowman capsule of the nephron
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| uremia | toxic condition of nitrogenous wastes in the blood
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| antibiotics | treat bacterial infections of the urinary tract by acting on the bacterial membrane or one of its metabolic processes
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| hemodialysis | type of dialysis in which an artificial kidney machine receives waste-filled blood, and returns the dialyzed blood to the patient's bloodstream
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| peritoneal dialysis | type of dialysis in which toxic substances are removed from the body using peritoneal membrane as the filter by perfusing the peritoneal cavity with a warm, sterile chemical solution
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| voiding cystourethrography | x-ray of the bladder and urethra performed before, during and after voiding using a contrast medium to enhance imaging
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| prostate | a gland of the male reproductive system which surrounds the proximal portion of the urethra
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| spermatocele | abnormal fluid-filled sac that develops in the epididymis and may or may not contain sperm; also called spermatic cyst
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| testosterone | androgenic hormone responsible for the development of the male sex organs, including the penis, testicles, scrotum and prostate
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| testicular abnormalities | any of the various disorders that affect the testes
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| prostate-specific antigen | blood test used to detect prostatic disorders, especially prostate cancer; also called tumour marker test
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| hypospadias | congenital abnormality where the opening of the male urethra is on the under surface of the penis, instead of at its tip
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| hypogonadism | decrease or lack of hormones normally produced by the gonads
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| vas deferens | excretory duct of the testes
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| gonadotropin | hormonal preparation used to raise sperm count in cases of infertility
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| prostatotomy | incision into the prostate
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| androgens | increase testosterone levels
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| balanitis | inflammation of the skin covering the glans penis, caused by bacteria, fungi or a virus
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| inguinal canal | passageway in the groin for the spermatic cord in the male
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| inguinal hernia | presence of a small intestine in the inguinal canal
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| priapism | prolonged and often painful erection of the penis, which occurs without sexual stimulation
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| urethroplasty | reconstruction of the urethra to relieve stricture or narrowing
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| semen | fluid containing sperm and secretions from the prostate and other structures of the male reproductive system; also called seminal fluid
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| sperm | the male gamete or sex cell
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| orchiopexy | fixation of the testes in the scrotum
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| ultrasound | high-frequency sound waves are directed at soft tissue and reflected as "echos" to produce an image on a monitor of internal body structure, also called sonography and echo
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| impotence | inability to obtain or maintain an erection
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| sterility | inability to produce offspring; in the male
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| epididymitis | inflammation of the epididymis
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| orchiepididymitis | inflammation of the testes and epididymis
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| foreskin | loose skin covering the end of the penis
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| testicular mass | new tissue growth that appears on one or both of the testes and may be malignant or benign
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| prostatocystalgia | pain in the prostate and bladder
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| orchitis | painful swelling of one or both testes, commonly associated with mumps that develop after puberty
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| libido | psychological and physical drive for sexual activity
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| vasectomy | removal of all or a segment of the vas deferens for sterilization
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| prostatectomy | removal of all or part of the prostate
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| orchiectomy | removal of one or both testicles; also called orchidectomy
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| circumcision | removal of the foreskin, or fold of skin covering the tip of the penis
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| erectile dysfunction | repeated inability to maintain an erection sufficient for sexual intercourse
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| gamete | reproductive cell that contains one-half of the chromosomes required to produce offspring of the species
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| sphincter | ringlike muscle that opens and closes a bod opening to allow or restrict passage through the structure
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| digital rectal exam | screening test that assesses the rectal wall for lesions or evaluates abnormalities of the pelvic area
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| testicular torsion | spontaneous twisting of a testicle within the scrotum, leading to a decrease in blood flow to the affected testicle
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| phimosis | stenosis or narrowing of foreskin so that it cannot be retracted over the glans penis
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| varicocele | swelling and distention of veins of the spermatic cord, somewhat resembling varicose veins of the legs
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| hydrocele | swelling of the sac surrounding the testes that is typically harmless
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| semen analysis | test that analyses a semen sample for volume, sperm count, motility and morphology to evaluate fertility or verify sterilization after vasectomy
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| ejaculation | the expulsion of seminal fluid from the male urethra
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| penis | the male external sex organ
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| anti-impotence agents | treat erectile dysfunction by increasing blood flow to the penis resulting in an erection
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| antivirals | treat viral disorders by inhibiting their development
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| testicular ultrasound | US used to assess the contents of the scrotum, including the testicles, epididymis and vas deferens
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| transrectal ultrasound | US using an US probe inserted through the rectum to evaluate the prostate
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| cystoscope | a long, thin flexible instrument with a light at the end used to examine the bladder. It is inserted through the urethra and threaded up into the bladder
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| urethra | a membranous tube that carries urine from the bladder to the outside of the body
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| ureter | a slender tube that conveys urine from the kidney to the bladder
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| anuria | absence of urine production or output
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| bladder | an expandable hollow organ which acts as a temporary reservoir for urine
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| hematuria | blood in the urine
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| kidney | fist-sized organs in the abdominal cavity whose function is to cleanse or purify the blood
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| nephropexy | fixation of a floating or mobile kidney
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| urethrotomy | incision of a urethral stricture
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| pyelitis | inflammation of the renal pelvis
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| urethritis | inflammation of the urethra
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| nephrolith | kidney stone
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| indwelling | left in place
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| urethrectomy | removal of a urethra
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| ureterectomy | removal of a ureter
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| renal nuclear scan | nuclear scan of the kidneys used to determine their size, shape and position
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| nonretentsion catheter | inserted to drain urine and then removed
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| straight catheter | inserted to drain urine then removed
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| urologist | one who specializes in the study of the urinary system
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| dysuria | painful or difficult urination, commonly described as a "burning sensation" while urinating
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| residual | pertaining to that which is left as a residue
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| renal | pertaining to the kidney
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| pyuria | pus in the urine
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| kidney transplant | replacement of a diseased kidney with one that is supplied by a compatable donor
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| urgency | sensation of the need to void immediately
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| renal vein | structure which carries the blood away from the kidney
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| urethropexy | surgical fixation of the urethra
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| cystectomy | surgical removal of the urinary bladder
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| stricture | the narrowing of an opening, tube or canal, such as the urethra or esophagus
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| excretion | the process of expelling material from the body
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| hilum | the recessed area of the kidney where the ureter and blood vessels enter
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| catheterization | to insert a catheter into a cavity to remove body fluid
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| elimination | to remove, get rid of, exclude; also to pass urine from the bladder or stool from the bowel
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| pH | symbol that expresses alkalinity or acidity of a solution
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| urochrome | urine colour
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| urinalysis | urine screening test that includes physical observation, chemical tests, and microscopic evaluation
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| bladder ultrasonography | US produces images of the bladder to measure pre- and post void residual volume, and potentially identifying incomplete bladder emptying
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| urethroscopy | visual examination of the urethra
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| micturition | voiding
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| epididymis | a single, tightly coiled tube above each testis that stores sperm after it leave the seminiferous tubules
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| anorchism | absence of one/both testicles; also called anorchia or anorchidism
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| prostatitis | acute or chronic inflammation of the prostate
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| gynecomastia | enlargement of breast tissues in the male
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| prostatectomy | excision of part or all of the prostate gland
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| transurethral resection of the prostate | excision of the prostate gland by inserting a special endoscope through the urethra and into the bladder to remove small pieces of tissue from the prostate gland
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| cryptorchidism | failure of the testes to descend into the scrotal sac prior to birth
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