Physiology - Neurophysiology Exam 04 Part 03
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| 2 classes of neuronal receptors | nerve endings and receptor cells
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| these can be actual bare terminals of nerve fibers, or specialized endings | nerve endings
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| these are specialized cells that sense the environment, and then secrete neurotransmitters to excite nerve endings that are closely associated with the receptor cell. | receptor cells
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| examples are photoreceptors (rods and cones) of the retina and hair cells of the cochlea and semicircular canals | receptor cells
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| potential caused by a stimulus to a nerve ending | generator potentials
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| potential caused by a stimulus to a receptor cell | receptor potential
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| a peripheral afferent neuron is commonly termed? because it is the first neuron in the sensory pathway | primary afferent
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| primary afferents have their cell bodies in the? | dorsal root ganglia
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| typical 3 neuron pathway | 1. primary afferent 2.secondary neuron in spinal cord or brainstem which projects to thalamus 3. tertiary neuron in thalamus which projects to cortex
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| AB(beta) | touch -skin, myelinated
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| C | skin, unmyelinated skin
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| A delta | pain, skin, myelinated
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| enhanced sensation of pain at the site of tissue | primary hyperalgesia
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| enhanced sensation of pain in the undamaged area surrounding the damaged area | secondary hyperalgesia
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| sensed by high threshold receptor on (most commonly) bare nerve endings | nociceptors
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| tough, outermost layer of the eye | sclera
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| transparent external surface, major refractive component, continuous with sclera | cornea
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| opening that controls the amount of light reaching the retina | pupil
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| consists of 2 muscles, an inner circular and outer radial; pupillary diameter depends on activity of these muscles. eye color is based on this | iris
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| fine-tunes refraction for focusing light on retina(accommodation) | lens
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| spincter-like circular muscle; controls thickness of lens during accommodation | ciliary muscle
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| connect lens to ciliary muscle. with relaxation of ciliary muscle, tension on these fibers is high, and lens is flat; vice versa for contraction of ciliary muscle | zonular fibers
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| highly vascularized, b/w retina and sclera | choroid
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| anterior chamber | aqueous humor
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| posterior chamber | vitreous humor
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| photoreceptive area of eye | retina
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| center area (1mm2) of retina; site on retina where light falls if one looks straight | macula
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| center of macula, only cones found, region of the greatest density | fovea centralis
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| entrance of the optic nerve (blind spot) | optic disc
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| normal vision | emmetropia
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| far sightedness | hyperopia
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| near sightedness | myopia
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| with age, the lens becomes stiffer which prevents it from being able to assume a more round configuration. this reduces accommodation | presbyopia
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| this is due to an uneven curvature of the cornea , which has the effect of focusing an object at 2 seperate places on the retina, producing blurry vision | astigmatism
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| very sensitive to low levels of light, low acuity | rods
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| less sensitive to light, high acuity, color vision | cones
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| all photopigments consist of a light-absorbing molecule called? | retinal
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| all photopigments consist of this protein | opsin
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| an object up close requires more refraction to focus on the retina than an object far away, this is done by? | accommmodation
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| image is focused behind the retina | hyperopia
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| image is focused in front of the retina | myopia
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| to correct defects that require reduced refraction you use a? | concave lens
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| to correct defects that require increased refraction use a? | convex lens
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| increased refraction | hyperopia
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| reduced refraction | myopia
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| a cylindrical lens is used to correct? | astimatism
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| high cGMP opens Na channels so what happens? | dark current- cell deporlarizes
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| dorsal pathway from the primary visual cortex is the? | "where" pathway b/c helps in detecting where things are in space and detection of motion of objects
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| Ventral pathway from the primary visual cortex is the? | "what" pathway b/c involved in identification of objects
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| lesions in the ventral pathway can lead to loss of color perception called? | achromatopsia
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| lesions in the ventral pathway can lead to loss of the ability to name objects called? | anomia
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| lesions in the ventral pathway can lead to inability to recognize familiar faces called? | prosopagnosia
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| bilateral lesions to the this pathway makes it impossible to perceive a moving object | dorsal pathway
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