Absolutism
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| Divine Right | the king’s power to rule comes from God; James I was a strong advocate of this, and Parliament wasn’t too fond of it
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| James I | Son of Mary, Queen of Scots. Becomes king of England after Elizabeth dies without an heir. Strong supporter of Divine Right of Kings. Disliked Puritans.
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| Charles I | Son of James I, fought with Parliament (Puritans), fought with Oliver Cromwell. Eventually executed.
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| Petition of Right | Parliament wanted basic rights. These rights included king couldn’t levy taxes without their permission, recognized due process, right of habeas corpus, outlawed quartering of soldiers in homes.
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| ship money | Medieval tax traditionally only levied on coastal towns for the privilege of shipbuilding, Charles levied it on non
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| Thorough | Charles tries to rule without Parliament (1629
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| Short Parliament | Charles needed money to raise an army against the Scots then Charles disbanded Parliament after a month
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| Long Parliament | Scots make way into northern england in 1640, Charles forced to reconvene parliament, has to give into demands
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| Triennial Act | Parliament has to meet at least once every 3 years, couldn’t be dissolved without its own consent
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| Archbishop Laud | Anglican Prayer Book (Book of the Common Prayer)
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| Star Chamber | Suppressed the nobility
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| John Pym | Leader of long parliament, criticized James I and Charles I. Charles tried to have him arrested.
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| Oliver Cromwell | Lord Protector of England after Charles I’s death, Puritan
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| Cavaliers | Supported monarchy/ king
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| Roundheads | Supported Puritans/ Parliament
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| New Model Army | Oliver Cromwell took over army, made men into proper soldiers
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| Pride’s Purge | All those who did not support the New Model Army were expelled from Parliament
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| Rump Parliament | house of lords removed, only house of commons left
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| Levellers | Smashed by cromwell, religious revolutionaries who wanted a more egalitarian society
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| Diggers | Denied authority of parliament, rejected private ownership of land
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| Quakers | Pacifists, believed in inner light in each person, rejected church authority, women allowed to play a more definitive role in preaching, fled England for America
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| Interregnum | Time between kings in England (death of Charles I to rule of Charles II) , ruled by Oliver Cromwell
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| Protectorate | In effect from 1653
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| Instrument of Government | Only written constitution England ever had
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| Act of Settlement (1652) | 2/3rds of best Catholic land in Ireland given to protestants
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| Cromwell invaded scotland in 1651 | 52, puritans put strict moral code in place, alienated the people against Cromwell
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| Restoration | Charles II restored to throne in 1660, monarchy, house of lords, and church of england restored
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| Charles II | Son of Charles I, made peace with parliament before ruling
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| Tories | Nobles who supported monarchy over parliament, conservative
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| Whigs | Middle class, puritans, favored religious toleration, liberal
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| Clarendon Code – 1661 | Four acts passed in England during the ministry of Edward Hyde, 1st earl of Clarendon, designed to cripple the power of the Nonconformists
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| Test Act of 1673 | Excluded all those unwilling to receive sacrament of church of england
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| Habeas Corpus Act 1679 | Outlawed quartering of soldiers in homes
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| “Killing Time” | The last part of Charles II’s reign because he killed so many Scots
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| James II | Brother of Charles II, inherited throne at 55, Catholic, gives Catholics important governmental positions
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| Declaration of Indulgence 1688 | Gave religious worship to Catholics
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| Mary | James II’s Protestant daughter, married to William of Orange, invited to rule England, takes over in Glorious Revolution
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| Anne | Daughter of James II, sister of Mary (younger), also Protestant
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| William of Orange | Husband of Mary, jointly ruled England with her, originally from Netherlands
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| Glorious Revolution | Peaceful transfer of power from James II (Catholic) to his daughter and her husband
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| Bill of Rights 1689 | William and Mary had to accept this to rule, made England a constitutional monarchy
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| Toleration Act 1689 | Worship for Protestant non
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| Act of Settlement 1701 | If William or sister
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| George I | Hanoverian heir to throne of England. Didn’t know much english, didn’t care about English government, cared about what was going on in Germany, cabinet system evolves in England
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| Act of Union 1707 | Joined England and Scotland into Great Britain
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| Cabinet System | Leading ministers (esp. house of commons) made policy and conducted business of the country
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| Robert Walpole | First prime minister of England
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| John Bodin | Philosophe, member of Parlement, proponent of absolutism
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| Thomas Hobbes | English philosopher, social contract theory, men are fundamentally bad
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| Bishop Bossuet | Preach to Louis XIV, strong advocate of absolutism and the divine right of kings
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| “Divine Right of Kings” | Kings have God
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| absolutism | Sovereignty embodied in one person
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| Henry IV – Henry of Navarre | Starts process of absolutism in France, strengthened institutions, encouraged colonization, weakened nobility
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| Edict of Nantes | Issued by Henry IV, gave Huguenots many rights, could worship publicly in most places (except Paris).
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| “Nobility of the Sword” | Old nobility, weakened by Henry IV by not allowing them to influence the royal council
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| “Nobility of the Robe” | New middle class, paid for their positions
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| Duke of Sully | Henry IV’s finance minister, laid down power of monarchy through mercantilism
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| mercantilism | A country exports more than it imports
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| Marie de’ Medicis | Wife of Henry IV, mother of Louis XIII, ruled in his place, exiled by him
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| Louis XIII | Son of Henry IV, Richelieu is chief minister
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| Cardinal Richelieu | Chief minister of Louis XIII, politique, weakened power of nobles, goal was to make France most powerful country in Europe
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| politique | Person who allies himself with whatever religion/group is best suited to his goals
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| intendant system | Each of 32 districts in France watched over by indendants
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| Peace of Alais | Huguenots lost fortified cities, Protestant armies, but could still worship
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| Thirty Years’ War | France gets involved due to Richelieu to get rid of the Habsburgs
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| Louis XIV – the “Sun King” | Takes over at 5, had one of longest rules, absolutism reached zenith, built Versaille, used as political tool, Mazarin ruled in place until he was of age
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| Cardinal Mazarin | Successor of Richelieu, very harsh, series of revolts against him
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| The Fronde | Rebellion of nobles against the king, king had to compromise with nobility, economy destroyed, spurred Louis’ absolutism
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| Estates General | Parliament of France, never called during Louis XIV’s reign
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| Corvee | Law that required peasants to work for a certain amount of time on public works
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| Versailles | extremely grandiose palace of Louis XIV, a reason for France’s economic problems
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| Edict of Fountainbleau | Revoked Edict of Nantes, took away much Huguenot freedom
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| Jansenists | opposition to the theology and political influence of the Jesuits
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| Bullionism | Wealth defined as amount of precious metals owned
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| Jean Baptiste Colbert | Louis XIV’s greatest economic advisor
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| Balance of Power | nonexistent
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| William of Orange | stadtholder of Netherlands, invited to be king of England, alliance against France
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| War of Devolution (First Dutch War) | Louis XIV wanted his Catholic wife to inherit Netherlands
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| Second Dutch War | Fought with England for control over trade routes and the seas
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| Peace of Nijmegan | Louis XIV invades Netherlands, war ends with this, France gains territory including the Franche
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| War of the League of Augsburg | defensive war against France
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| War of the Spanish Succession | France went in with poor finances and under
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| Battle of Blenheim | English victory in War of Spanish Succession, won by John Churchill and Eugene of Savoy, saved Vienna
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| Treaty of Utrecht | France made peace with England after War of Spanish Succession
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| asiento | Gave Spain monopoly in supplying slaves to other countries
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| Bourbons and War of the Spanish Succession | Charles II left Spanish throne to Philip, Duke of Anjou, grandson of King Louis XIV of France (Bourbons), main rivals were Bourbons
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| Habsburg Empire: Bohemia, Austria proper, Hungary (Magyars) | Three major land holdings of the Habsburgs, very diverse, made unification hard
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| Ferdinand II | took control of Bohemia
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| Ferdinand III | Consolidated Austrian empire
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| Leopold I | Tried to restrict Protestants, repelled Turks from Vienna
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| Siege of Vienna | Turks attacked Vienna led by Suleiman, Leopold I repelled them
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| Prince Eugene of Savoy | Led Austria to victory over Ottomans
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| Emperor Charles VI | Saved from Spanish expansion because he allied with Britain, but didn’t have a male heir, passed crown to daughter Maria Theresa, issued Pragmatic Sanction
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| Pragmatic Sanction | issued by Charles VI, it was to secure the throne for his daughter Maria Theresa in order to continue the Hapsburg line; it failed because it failed to provide for an army or money
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| Maria Theresa | Charles VI’s daughter, she inherited the throne for a while until it eventually crumbled because of her lack of a treasury and army
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| Brandenburg | Prussia grew out of here, ruler of Brandenburg was one of 7 electors of holy roman empire
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| House of Hohenzollern | Rulers of Prussia, took name from castle
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| Frederick William “The Great Elector” | Calvinist, gave rights to catholics and jews, admired swedish system of government, economic power of netherlands
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| Junkers | landowning aristocracy of Prussia who caused a big struggle; eventually kind of “hushed” when they joined the military and were granted special privileges for doing so
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| Frederick I | first king of Prussia, most popular of Hohenzollerns, wanted to imitate Louis XIV, founded university, fought in 2 wars against louis XIV to maintain balance of power
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| King of Prussia | title bestowed upon Frederick I by Leopold I for his help in War of Spanish Succession
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| Frederick William I – | Soldiers’ King, made largest steps toward absolutism, Calvinist, obsessed with finding tall soldiers for his army, infused military to prussian society
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| “Sparta of the North” | Nickname of Prussia because of the high degree of militarism in society
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| Frederick II | Frederick the Great, patron of arts, made Prussia foremost military power in Europe, enlarged Prussia’s territories, enlightened
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| Slavs | Original inhabitants of Russia, farmers
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| Varangians/ Rus | came from the North in about 800; assimilated and intermingled with the Slavs
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| Rurik | first Varangian king who was invited by the Slavs; founded city of Novgorod
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| Novgorod | founded by Rurik in 862
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| Oleg | noble that moved south to Kiev, a city on the Nibur River; it allowed for the Russians to sail down towards Constantinople, and began the association between the Russians and the Byzantines
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| Kiev | Was on Neva river, allowed russians to sail down river into the sea and find their way to Constantinople
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| Constantinople | Byzantines lived there, started to interact with Russians
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| Princess Olga | citizen of Kiev who went to Constantinople and converted to Christianity; governed Kiev until her son Svyatoslav ruled
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| Svyatoslav | Son of Princess Olga that ruled from 955
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| Vladimir | Grandson of Princess Olga that ruled Russia; sent out emissaries to research major world religions and chose Orthodox Christianity as Russian religion; he was fond of political ties to Constantinople
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| Yaroslav the Wise | Vladimir’s son who improved Kiev through marriage of his daughters to Western European leaders; built first library at Kiev, Kiev’s problems started after his death
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| Mongols | invaders from Central Asia; only wished to collect tribute
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| Genghis Khan | leader of Mongols; divided empire among his sons
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| Batu Khan | son of Genghis Khan; his rule was the Khanate of the Golden Horde
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| Khanate of the Golden Horde | rule of Batu Khan
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| Alexander Nevsky | local lord who crushed revolts against Mongols and collected tribute for them
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| Daniel | son of Alexander Nevsky
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| Moscow | located at junction of three rivers, bringing commerce to Russia
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| Prince Ivan I | gained gratitude from Mongols; given title of Great Prince; collected taxes from all Slavic people, causing people to call him “Ivan Money Bags”; moved Church to Moscow, gaining allies in the Church
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| Ivan III | “The Great” Developed Moscow into modern state; married niece of last Byzantine emperor and called himself Czar; broke from Mongols
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| Battle of Kulikovo | bloodless battle between Mongols and Russian people under Ivan III
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| “Third Rome” | Moscow became the Third Rome
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| Ivan IV – “The Terrible” | Grandson of Ivan III, officially became Czar and married Anastasia Romanov; began territorial expansion in Far East and Baltic Region
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| Cossacks | Peasants who went to neighboring territories
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| “Time of Troubles” | After Ivan the Terrible dies, Russia endures famine, cossacks killing nobles, Sweden and Poland conquered russia
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| Michael Romanov | Ivan’s grand
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| “Old Believers” | Heart of orthodox church, persecuted by the government
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| Peter the Great | Ruled on his own at age 22, he was 7 feet tall, tried to build up military, set up new table of ranks, crowning achievement was St. Petersburg
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| Strelski | Moscow guards who had overthrown previous leaders, defeated by Peter
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| Great Northern War | Fought Sweden under Charles XII. Sweden wins most of early war, but under treaty of Nystad, russia gains latvia and estonia
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| “Window on the West” | Russia gains Latvia and Estonia, now has trade opening with West
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| Table of Ranks | Used by Peter the Great, gave people new ranks
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| St. Petersburg | Crowning achievement of Peter, becomes capital of Russia, 100,000 people died while building it
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