AP Euro - Absolutism in Eastern Europe to 1740
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| Holy Roman Empire | religious divisions due to the Reformations and religious wars in 16th and 17th centuries split Germany among Catholic, Lutheran, and Calvinist princes
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| Ottoman Empire | could not maintain possessions in eastern Europe and the Balkans in the face of Austrian and Russian expansion.
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| Suleiman the Magnificent | was perhaps the most powerful ruler in the world during the 16th century
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| Janissary Corps | those Christian slaves who were not selected for the Ottoman bureaucracy served loyally instead in Turkish army
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| Poland-Lithuania | was a dualistic state, a bi-confederation, of Poland and Lithuania ruled by a common monarch, who was both the king of Poland and the grand duke of Lithuania.
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| liberum veto | Voting in Polish Parliament had to be unanimous for changes to be made; thus, little could be done to systematically strengthen the kingdom.
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| serfdom | the status of peasants under feudalism, specifically relating to manorialism.
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| robot | In certain regions, peasants were required to work 3-4 days without pay per week for their local lord.
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| Hapsburg Empire (Austrian Empire) | Ruler of Austria was traditionally selected as Holy Roman Emperor
After War of Spanish Succession and the Treaty of Utrecht, the Spanish throne was now occupied by the Bourbons; Habsburg power was concentrated in Austria.
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| Bohemia | Reorganization of this was a major step towards absolutism.
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| Austrian poper | Old hereditary provinces of this were centralized by Ferdinand II.
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| Hungary | The thirds and largest part of its dominion.
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| Leopold I | 1658-1705
Severely restricted Protestant worship
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| Siege of Vienna, 1683 | Successfully repelled Turks from gates of Vienna in 1683.
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| Pragmatic Sunction | Issued by Emperor Charles VI, ensured that the Habsburg hereditary possessions could be inherited by a daughter.
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| Prussia | Prussia was a German kingdom and historic state originating out of the Duchy of Prussia and the Margraviate of Brandenburg
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| Hohenzollerns | relating to a princely German family that reigned in Prussia from 1701–1918 and in Germany from 1871–1918.
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| Frederick William, the “Great Elector” | 1640-1688
Strict Calvinist but granted religious toleration to Catholics and Jews
Ongoing struggle between Sweden and Poland for control of Baltic after 1648 and wars of Louis XIV created atmosphere of permanent crisis.
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| Junkers | formed the backbone of the Prussian military officer corps; these nobles and landowners dominated the Estates of Brandenburg and Prussia
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| "King of Prussia" | Frederick I
Most popular of Hohenzollern kings
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| Frederick William I | "The Soldier's King"
Most important Hohenzollern regarding the development of Prussian absolutism
Infused militarism into all of Prussian society
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| “Sparta of the North” | Prussia became known as this.
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| Muscovy | Began to emerge as the most significant principality that formed the nucleus of what later became Russia.
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| Boyars | Russian nobles
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| Ivan III (“the Great”) | 1480, ended Mongol domination of Muscovy
Established himself as the hereditary ruler of Muscovy
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| “Third Rome” | Attempted to make Moscow the new center of the Orthodox Church.
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| Ivan IV (“the Terrible”) | Began westernizing Muscovy
For 25 years, he fought unsuccessful wars against Poland-Lithuania
Reduced the power of the boyars
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| Cossacks | Many peasants fled the west to the newly-conquered Muscovite territories in the east and formed free groups and outlaw armies.
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| “Time of Troubles” | followed Ivan IV's death in 1584.
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| Romanov Dynasty | Lasted from the ascent of Michael Romanov in 1613 to the Russian Revolution in 1917.
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| Michael Romanov | 1613-1645
Favored the nobles in return for their support
Expanded Russian empire to the Pacific Ocean in the Far East
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| “Old Believers” | Resisted influx of new religious sects from the west
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| Peter the Great | 1682-1725
His sister, Sophia, ruled as his regent early on.
Military power was his greatest concern.
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| Strelski | Revolt of the Strelski put down by Peter in 1698 Moscow guards had overthrown previous leaders.
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| Great Northern War | Russia vs. Sweden. Russia had Poland, Denmark and Saxony as allies. Treaty of Nystad is where Russia gained Latvia and Estonia and thus gained its Window on the West in the Baltic Sea
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| “Window on the West” | Peter's desire for warm water ports to the West for trade, defense and opening up of Russia to Westernization/modernization. Goes to war with Swedes and Turks to try to achieve this. St. Petersburg becomes his window on the west.
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| Table of Ranks | set educational standards for civil servants, Peter sought to replace old Boyar nobility with new service-based nobility loyal to the tsar
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| St. Petersburg | One of Peter's crowning achievements
Sought to create a city similar to Amsterdam and the Winter Palace with the grandeur of Versailles
The capital of Russia
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| Winter Palace | Residence of Russian Monarchs
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